Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The percentage of ionization of a weak acid or base can be estimated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Acetaminophen is not an opioid or NSAID. It is a pain reliever and fever reducer, but it works in a different way compared to opioids and NSAIDs. Unlike opioids, acetaminophen does not have the same risk of physical dependence or addiction. And unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen does not have anti-inflammatory properties. It is often used for mild to moderate pain relief and as a fever reducer. Be cautious when taking acetaminophen, as high doses can be harmful to the liver.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: ACE inhibitors, such as enalapril and lisinopril, work by blocking the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is responsible for converting angiotensin I into angiotensin II. By inhibiting this conversion, ACE inhibitors prevent the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-stimulating effects of angiotensin II at the receptor sites. This leads to vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, and reduced aldosterone secretion. This mechanism of action makes ACE inhibitors an important class of medications for managing conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: HRT increases clotting risk, making calf pain a priority due to potential DVT, a life-threatening side effect. Libido , back pain , and fatigue are less urgent. A ensures safety, aligning with HRT risks, making it the priority.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Morphine overdose is a medical emergency that can result in respiratory depression and potentially lead to death. Naloxone is a medication used to counteract the effects of opioids like morphine by binding to the same receptors in the brain and reversing the respiratory depression. Naloxone works quickly to restore normal breathing and consciousness in individuals who have overdosed on morphine. It is a critical intervention used to prevent fatal outcomes of opioid overdose, including morphine. Other options like Vitamin K, time, and grapefruit juice are not effective treatments for morphine overdose.