Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: "Semantic, episodic." Semantic memory is responsible for storing factual information, such as concepts and general knowledge. Episodic memory, on the other hand, stores personal experiences and events.
Choice A is incorrect because declarative memory is an umbrella term that includes both semantic and episodic memory, so it is not a direct contrast.
Choice B is incorrect as it switches the definitions of episodic and semantic memory.
Choice C is incorrect because nondeclarative memory refers to implicit or procedural memory, which is different from episodic memory.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Behaviorism. Behaviorism emphasizes observable and measurable behaviors, making it essential for observations to be verifiable. Structuralism (
A) focuses on the structure of the mind, not verifiability of observations. Functionalism (
B) emphasizes the functions of the mind rather than verification of observations. Psychoanalysis (
D) delves into the unconscious mind and conflicts, not specifically on the verifiability of observations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology focuses on studying internal mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving to understand behavior. Behaviorism (choice
A) emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental processes. Evolutionary psychology (choice
C) examines how evolutionary principles influence behavior, not solely focusing on internal mental events. Humanism (choice
D) emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization rather than internal mental events as the primary focus of study.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Personal distress. In this scenario, the student is experiencing personal distress as he feels sad and lonely, despite being able to function in his daily life. Personal distress is a key criterion for determining abnormality as it signifies significant emotional discomfort.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as cultural factors, impaired functioning, and violation of societal norms are not the primary factors highlighted in the student's situation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Deferred imitation refers to the ability of toddlers to observe and replicate behaviors after a period of time, indicating the formation of long-term memories. This process involves storing information for an extended period and recalling it at a later time. This capacity is not attributed to short-term memory (choice
A), which is more temporary in nature and has limited storage capacity. Working memory (choice
B) involves the temporary storage and manipulation of information for cognitive tasks, not necessarily the long-term retention of behaviors. Core memories (choice
C) are typically associated with emotional or significant events rather than the replication of observed behaviors.
Therefore, the correct answer is choice D, as deferred imitation demonstrates toddlers' capability to form long-term memories by replicating behaviors observed earlier.