Vital Signs Assessment Chapter 7 -Nurselytic

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: HPV is the most common STI in the United States and is by far the most common cause of cervical cancers. The sensitivity of the liquid-based cytology is between 61% and 95% and specificity is from 78% to 82%. While HPV affects almost 50% of the population at some point, many of these infections resolve spontaneously.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question about breast self-examination, option C is correct because a high proportion of breast masses are actually detected by self-examination. This is an important aspect of breast health as it empowers individuals to be proactive in their health monitoring.

Option A is incorrect because the effectiveness of breast self-examination in reducing mortality from breast cancer is still debated among medical professionals. Option B is incorrect as not all organizations recommend routine breast self-exams due to varying opinions on its efficacy.

Option D is also incorrect as the fear caused by finding a mass should not deter individuals from being educated on how to perform self-exams. It is crucial to provide proper education and support to overcome fears and encourage early detection.

From an educational perspective, understanding the role of breast self-examination in early detection of breast masses is essential for promoting health awareness and encouraging regular self-checks. It is important to emphasize that while self-exams are not a replacement for regular screenings and clinical exams, they play a significant role in early detection and increasing individual agency in monitoring breast health.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is
B) Measure the span of the liver. This is the most reasonable next step because an enlarged liver can be indicative of various conditions, including COPD-related complications or comorbidities. Measuring the span of the liver can provide valuable information about its size and potential enlargement, helping to confirm the initial observation and guide further diagnostic investigations or treatment plans.

Option
A) Percuss the lower border of the liver may not provide as accurate or comprehensive information about the size of the liver compared to actually measuring its span. Percussion alone may not be sufficient to confirm the extent of liver enlargement.

Option
C) Ordering a hepatitis panel would not be the next immediate step in this case unless there were specific clinical indications or risk factors suggesting hepatitis as a likely cause of liver enlargement. It is important to prioritize investigations based on the patient's presentation and relevant findings.

Option
D) Obtaining an ultrasound of the liver may be a valuable diagnostic tool, but measuring the liver span is a less invasive and more cost-effective initial step to assess liver enlargement before proceeding to imaging studies.

Educationally, this question emphasizes the importance of systematic and logical clinical reasoning in assessing patients with suspected liver abnormalities. It highlights the significance of choosing the most appropriate initial diagnostic steps based on the clinical context, patient history, and physical examination findings. Understanding the rationale behind selecting the correct next step in this scenario is crucial for healthcare providers to enhance their diagnostic skills and improve patient care outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is
D) Wernicke's aphasia. Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by fluent but nonsensical speech, where individuals have difficulty understanding language and may produce sentences that lack meaning or contain invented words. The patient's speech, "I buy obie get spirding and take my train," reflects this symptomatology as it lacks coherence and contains words that do not fit the context.

Regarding why the other options are incorrect:
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A) Global aphasia typically involves both receptive and expressive language deficits, resulting in significant impairments in both understanding and producing language. The patient in the question is producing speech, albeit nonsensical, indicating it's not a complete absence of language function.
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B) Broca's aphasia is characterized by non-fluent speech, where individuals have difficulty with speech production but relatively preserved understanding. The patient's speech, although effortful, is fluent and lacks the characteristic telegraphic speech seen in Broca's aphasia.
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C) Echolalia refers to the repetition of words or phrases spoken by others, which is not demonstrated in the patient's speech.

Educationally, understanding different types of aphasia is crucial for healthcare providers to appropriately assess and support patients with communication impairments. Recognizing the distinct features of each type of aphasia aids in accurate diagnosis and tailored intervention strategies to improve communication and quality of life for individuals affected by stroke or other conditions impacting language processing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: By providing false assurance or reassurance, this courage builder relieves the woman's anxiety and gives the nurse the false sense of having provided comfort. However, for the woman, providing false assurance or reassurance actually closes off communication, trivializes her anxiety, and effectively denies any further talk of it.