Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the nominal group technique, the primary method of exchange is through written reports. Participants independently generate ideas in writing, which are then shared and discussed within the group. This structured process allows for equal participation and prevents dominant individuals from influencing the group's outcome. Oral presentations (choice
A) involve speaking rather than written communication, making it less suitable for the nominal group technique. Email exchanges (choice
B) are also not the primary method as they lack the structured approach of the nominal group technique. Group discussions (choice
D) do occur in the nominal group technique but are secondary to the initial written idea generation phase.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the development of specialty care disciplines, such as intensive care, neurosurgical techniques, and cardiothoracic surgery, played a significant role in advancing nursing during the specified decades.
Choice A is incorrect as decreased demand for health care would not drive advances in nursing.
Choice C is also incorrect as gender discrimination, while an issue in the past, does not directly relate to the advancements in nursing during this period.
Choice D is incorrect because advances in technology usually lead to more specialized care rather than generalized care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' Established critical pathways, collaborative practice teams, and quality management systems are indeed key elements essential to the implementation of case management. Collaborative practice teams allow for multidisciplinary collaboration, established critical pathways help guide patient care, and a quality management system ensures that care provided meets established standards.
Choice A, collaborative practice teams, is correct as they are fundamental for effective case management, involving various professionals working together.
Choice B, established critical pathways, is also correct as they provide a structured approach to managing patient care.
Choice C, quality management system, is correct as it ensures that care is delivered at high standards and continuously monitored for improvement.
Therefore, all these elements are crucial for successful case management implementation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When irrigating an indwelling urinary catheter, the nurse should use a 20-mL syringe for the procedure. This syringe size helps to provide adequate pressure for effective irrigation. Placing the client in a side-lying position is not necessary for this procedure. Instilling a specific amount of irrigation fluid into the catheter is not mentioned in the scenario. Subtracting the amount of irrigant used from the client's urine output is not a standard practice in catheter irrigation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Respect for patient preferences. Patient-centered care focuses on involving patients in their care decisions and respecting their preferences.
Choice A, provider-centered decision making, goes against the concept of patient-centered care as it prioritizes the provider over the patient. Timely discharge, choice B, is important but not a defining component of patient-centered care. Focusing on clinical outcomes, choice D, is essential in healthcare but does not solely represent patient-centered care, which is more about personalized care and involving patients in decision-making.