Endocrinology Practice Questions -Nurselytic

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: ductless. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream without the use of ducts. This allows hormones to reach target organs throughout the body.
Choice A (vascular) is incorrect because it refers to the presence of blood vessels, which is common in all glands, not just endocrine glands.
Choice C (square) is irrelevant as the shape of glands does not determine their function.
Choice D (autonomous) is incorrect as it does not accurately describe endocrine glands; while they function independently, the term "autonomous" does not specifically apply to them.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: second messengers. Protein hormones typically bind to cell surface receptors, activating second messenger systems to relay the signal inside the cell. This mechanism allows for rapid and amplified cellular responses.

Choices A and B (cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors) are more commonly associated with steroid hormones, not protein hormones.
Choice C (cyclic ribosomal adenosine phosphate) is not a known mechanism of hormone action. Thus, the correct answer is D, as second messengers are the primary mediators of protein hormone actions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because ADH secretion is increased during stress to retain water in the body. This response helps maintain blood pressure and prevent dehydration under stressful conditions.
Choice B is incorrect because ADH secretion is actually increased during hemorrhage to conserve water.
Choice C is incorrect because increased blood osmolality triggers ADH secretion to retain water.
Choice D is incorrect because alcohol inhibits ADH secretion, leading to increased urine production.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the anterior pituitary is regulated by hypothalamic neuropeptides. The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the anterior pituitary's hormone release. This close interaction between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is known as the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

A is incorrect because the anterior pituitary is not neural tissue, it is an endocrine gland.
B is incorrect because the anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes peptide hormones, not steroid hormones.
C is incorrect because the anterior pituitary is located at the base of the brain, not above the kidney.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland before being released into the bloodstream. This process is essential for regulating various physiological functions.

Choices A and C are incorrect as oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not complex steroids and are not released from the anterior pituitary.
Choice B is also incorrect because while these hormones are indeed synthesized in the posterior pituitary, they are stored in the posterior pituitary before their release.