The pregnant patient tells the nurse that her prescribed medication is not as effective as it was before her pregnancy. What is the best response by the nurse?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pregnancy increases blood volume (50% more), diluting drugs, reducing efficacy-e.g., lower concentration per unit volume, a pharmacokinetic shift. Asking about administration checks adherence, not cause. Baby receiving drug is unlikely-placental transfer varies. Expiration is a guess, not tied to pregnancy. Blood volume explains the change, addressing her concern.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Sporotrichosis, from Sporothrix schenckii, requires antifungals like itraconazole. Option , inhibiting lanosterol to ergosterol conversion, is correct-itraconazole blocks 14-α-demethylase, disrupting fungal membrane synthesis. Option , pore formation, is amphotericin B's mechanism. Option , microtubule disruption, is griseofulvin's. Option , squalene monooxygenase inhibition, is terbinafine's. Option (E), 5-FU conversion, is flucytosine's. Itraconazole's ergosterol inhibition effectively treats this subcutaneous infection, targeting fungal viability.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Nausea. Nausea is a common symptom of carbon tetrachloride poisoning due to its toxic effects on the liver and kidneys. When carbon tetrachloride is ingested or absorbed into the body, it can lead to liver and kidney damage, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Option A) Convulsions is incorrect because convulsions are not typically associated with carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Carbon tetrachloride poisoning usually manifests with symptoms related to liver and kidney dysfunction rather than neurological symptoms like convulsions. Option B) Eye irritation is also incorrect as carbon tetrachloride exposure is more likely to cause systemic toxic effects rather than isolated eye irritation. While eye irritation can occur with certain chemical exposures, it is not a hallmark symptom of carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Option D) Stupor is not a typical symptom of carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Stupor is a state of near-unconsciousness or insensibility, which is not commonly associated with the toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride on the body. Educationally, it is important for residents to be aware of the signs and symptoms of potential chemical exposures in their environment to take appropriate actions to protect their health. Understanding the specific symptoms of carbon tetrachloride poisoning can help individuals seek timely medical attention and prevent further complications. Awareness of the correct symptoms can also aid healthcare providers in making accurate diagnoses and providing appropriate treatment in cases of poisoning.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Allergic. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic commonly used for procedures like suturing. Allergic reactions to lidocaine can occur, presenting as itching, redness, swelling, or in severe cases, anaphylaxis. The patient's history of depression and suicide attempt is not directly related to the lidocaine allergy. Option B) Mast cell mediated is incorrect because while mast cells can be involved in allergic reactions, the primary cause in this case is the patient's allergy to lidocaine, not mast cell activation per se. Option C) Neurogenic is incorrect as it refers to conditions related to nerve dysfunction or injury, not an allergic reaction to lidocaine. Option D) Psychogenic is incorrect as it pertains to psychological factors causing physical symptoms, which is not the case with the lidocaine allergy. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of assessing patients for allergies prior to administering medications and the potential serious consequences of allergic reactions. It also underscores the need for healthcare providers to be vigilant in obtaining thorough medical histories to ensure patient safety during procedures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Dalfampridine treats MS by blocking potassium channels in demyelinated axons, enhancing nerve conduction and improving walking ability. Exposed potassium channels in MS leak current, impairing signal propagation; dalfampridine's blockade restores function. Donepezil boosts acetylcholine for Alzheimer's. Riluzole reduces glutamate in ALS. Bromocriptine, a dopamine agonist, manages Parkinson's. Dalfampridine's unique potassium channel action directly addresses MS's neurological deficit, supported by clinical evidence, making it the correct agent here.