Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Maternal stress. Maternal stress during pregnancy can have long-term effects on the child's behavior, including an increased likelihood of engaging in high-risk behavior as a teen. Stress hormones released by the mother can impact the developing fetus, leading to changes in the child's brain development and stress response systems. This can contribute to behavioral issues later in life.

Summary:
- A: Maternal stress affects the unborn child's behavior.
- B: Parental nurturing is not related to the impact of maternal stress.
- C: Appropriate stress responses in the brain do not address the negative impact of maternal stress on the child.
- D: Memories of the abuse would not directly influence the unborn child's behavior.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because believing that a person in crisis is incapable of responding to instruction is detrimental for a nurse in crisis intervention. Nurses should believe in the patient's ability to respond and engage in the counseling process.
Choice B is incorrect as crisis counseling is a professional-client relationship.
Choice C is incorrect as crisis counseling aims to help patients see their situation more clearly, not just refocus.
Choice D is incorrect as anxiety-reduction techniques are used to help patients manage their emotions, not necessarily to access inner resources.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because family therapy focuses on addressing issues within the family unit, including managing co-occurring problems within the home environment. This type of therapy aims to improve communication, resolve conflicts, and strengthen relationships among family members. Group therapy, on the other hand, involves individuals coming together to address common issues but does not specifically target problems within the family system.

Choices A and D are incorrect because the speed of problem-solving and the setting where therapy is provided do not necessarily differentiate family therapy from group therapy.
Choice B is incorrect because group therapy involves interactions among individuals who may or may not be strangers, not specifically those with common problems.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "The signs and symptoms of this disorder usually begin before age three." This statement demonstrates understanding of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) because it aligns with the diagnostic criteria outlined in the DSM-5, where symptoms typically manifest in early childhood, often before age three. This early onset distinguishes ASD from other developmental disorders.

Incorrect choices:
A: The signs and symptoms of ASD do not go away at age eighteen. Symptoms persist into adulthood.
C: ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, not primarily based on physical symptoms.
D: Describing ASD as a developmental disorder is accurate, but it does not specifically address the typical onset before age three, which is crucial for understanding the disorder.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B - The developmental age exhibited through behaviors. This is crucial because Erikson's stages of development focus on psychosocial milestones and individuals can exhibit behaviors that reflect their current stage, regardless of chronological age. Understanding the developmental age exhibited through behaviors provides insights into which stage the individual is in and helps tailor appropriate interventions.

The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The chronological age may not accurately reflect the individual's stage of development.
C: The time frame needed to complete a successful outcome at a previous stage is not directly relevant to assessing Erikson's stages.
D: The implementation of interventions based on developmental age is important but not as crucial as assessing the developmental age exhibited through behaviors in understanding Erikson's stages.