Human Growth and Development Final Exam - Nurselytic

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: One major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that factors affecting individual development cannot be explored thoroughly. Cross-sectional research involves comparing different groups of people at one specific point in time, and does not allow for tracking individual changes over time. This limitation means that the unique influences and trajectories of individual development may be overlooked in cross-sectional studies.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect.
Choice A is not a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research as age-related changes can still be compared across different groups in this type of study.
Choice B, while a potential issue in any study, is not specific to cross-sectional research.
Choice D refers to a different type of bias caused by repeated testing rather than a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: According to research on family chaos, mothers who frequently multitask experience greater psychological stress. Multitasking can lead to increased stress levels as individuals juggle multiple responsibilities and tasks simultaneously, leading to a sense of being overwhelmed and unable to focus effectively. This can contribute to higher levels of psychological stress for mothers in particular, impacting their overall well-being.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the research specifically links frequent multitasking, not making family meals, working outside the home, or cosleeping with infants, to greater psychological stress among mothers.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Theorists who emphasize stability argue that powerful negative events early in life cannot be completely overcome by later, more positive experiences. They believe that early experiences have a lasting impact on development and are not easily erased or reversed by subsequent events. This perspective contrasts with the idea of plasticity, which suggests that development can be influenced by experiences at any point in life, and that individuals have the capacity for change and growth throughout the lifespan. 'Nurture' does not directly address the concept of overcoming negative events, while 'discontinuity' refers to developmental stages being separate and distinct, not the idea that negative events early in life persist despite later positive experiences.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Dr. Faulkner's focus on directly observable events, such as stimuli and responses, aligns with the behaviorist perspective of development. Behaviorism emphasizes the influence of the environment on individual behavior and learning, with a strong emphasis on observable actions rather than internal mental processes or stages of development.
Choice A, psychosexual, is associated with Freud's theory focusing on stages of psychosexual development.
Choice B, psychosocial, is linked to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.
Choice D, cognitive-developmental, is related to Piaget's theory emphasizing cognitive development stages.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: According to social learning theory, children primarily learn through modeling, observation, and imitation of others. This theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in learning, as opposed to only focusing on direct reinforcement or punishment. Social learning theory was developed by psychologist Albert Bandura and is a key theory in the field of child development.
Choice A, reinforcement, is incorrect as it refers to the process of strengthening a behavior through rewards or punishments.
Choice B, operant conditioning, is also incorrect as it is a learning process that involves reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior.
Choice D, classical conditioning, is not the correct answer as it involves learning through association between stimuli.