Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt is the correct answer as he is credited with establishing psychology as a distinct scientific field. Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated to experimental psychology in 1879, which marked the beginning of psychology as a separate discipline. While the other individuals mentioned in the choices have made significant contributions to the field of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt is specifically known for his pioneering work in establishing psychology as a unique and independent discipline.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Localized amnesia refers to the inability to recall all events during a specific period of time. This type of amnesia is characterized by the loss of memories related to a particular incident or period, while other memories remain intact.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they refer to different types of amnesia. Systematized amnesia is a term used to describe a selective loss of memory related to a specific category of information or knowledge. Selective amnesia involves the conscious or unconscious blocking out of specific memories, often due to psychological reasons. Collective amnesia pertains to a lack of shared memory or historical awareness within a group or society.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent and excessive worry or anxiety that is not triggered by specific situations or objects, hence the term 'free-floating anxiety.' Social anxiety disorder (
A) is characterized by fear and anxiety about social situations, panic disorder (
C) involves recurrent unexpected panic attacks, and specific phobia (
D) is an intense fear of a specific object or situation.
Therefore, B is the most appropriate choice in the context of anxiety not being triggered by specific stimuli.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Gestational age. Gestational age is calculated from the first day of the expectant mother's last menstrual cycle, providing an estimate of how far along the pregnancy is. Mental age (choice
A), refers to an individual's level of cognitive functioning in relation to others of the same age group. Chronological age (choice
B) is a person's actual age in years. Functional age (choice
C) refers to how well a person is able to perform various activities compared to their chronological age.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Serotonin. Serotonin levels are reduced during both the manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder. Acetylcholine (choice
A) is not typically linked to bipolar disorder. Dopamine (choice
B) and norepinephrine (choice
C) are more commonly associated with conditions like schizophrenia and depression, respectively, rather than bipolar disorder.
Therefore, they are not the neurotransmitters reduced in both manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder.