Correct Answer: A

Rationale:
Step-by-step rationale:
1. Madeleine Leininger is known for developing the theory of cultural care diversity and universality.
2. Leininger emphasized the importance of understanding and integrating cultural beliefs and practices into nursing care.
3. This theory is particularly relevant in psychiatric-mental health nursing to provide culturally sensitive care.
4. Sister Calista Roy developed the Adaptation Model, Hildegard Peplau the Interpersonal Relations Model, and Dorothea Orem the Self-Care Deficit Theory, which are not directly related to cultural care diversity and universality.

Summary:

Choice A is correct as Madeleine Leininger is the nursing theorist responsible for the theory of cultural care diversity and universality.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are associated with different nursing theories not focused on cultural care diversity and universality.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nursing process. The nursing process is the systematic framework that guides nurses in providing individualized, holistic care. It involves assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. By integrating the nursing process into clinical decision-making, psychiatric-mental health nurses ensure comprehensive and effective care for their patients.

Developmental issues (
A) are important considerations in mental health nursing but do not serve as the foundation for clinical decision-making. Commitment (
C) and accountability (
D) are essential traits for nurses but do not directly influence the clinical decision-making process. The nursing process, with its structured approach, serves as the cornerstone for organizing and prioritizing care interventions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Justice. The student nurse's opinion aligns with the ethical principle of justice, which emphasizes fairness and equitable access to resources for all individuals. By advocating for equal access to mental health care for those in rural areas, without insurance, and with low income, the student is promoting the ethical principle of justice. Justice ensures that everyone has the opportunity to receive necessary care regardless of their circumstances. Nonmaleficence (
A) focuses on avoiding harm, paternalism (
B) involves making decisions for someone else's best interest without their consent, and veracity (
C) pertains to truthfulness and honesty, which are not directly related to the student nurse's opinion on access to mental health care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The ability to form mutually satisfying relationships is a function of the Ego. The Ego operates based on reality principles and mediates between the demands of the Id and the constraints of the external world. It helps individuals to navigate social interactions and form healthy relationships by balancing instinctual drives with societal norms. Defense mechanisms (choice
A) are strategies used by the Ego to manage conflicts between the Id and Superego, not directly related to forming relationships. The Unconscious (choice
B) refers to the part of the mind containing thoughts, memories, and desires not currently in awareness. The Id (choice
C) represents primal instincts and desires, which are not conducive to forming mutually satisfying relationships.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because it accurately reflects a symptom commonly associated with schizophrenia, which is auditory hallucinations (hearing voices). This information is important for monitoring the patient's condition and adjusting treatment plans.


Choice A is incorrect because it does not provide any relevant information about the patient's schizophrenia symptoms.
Choice C is incorrect as it does not mention any specific symptoms related to schizophrenia.
Choice D is incorrect as the term "acted crazily" is stigmatizing and unprofessional, and does not provide a clear description of the patient's symptoms.