Which of the following augments growth hormone release?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Stress. Stress triggers the release of growth hormone through the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. When the body is under stress, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. This hormone then stimulates growth and cell reproduction. Glucocorticoids (A) and somatostatin (B) actually inhibit the release of growth hormone. Obesity (D) can lead to decreased growth hormone release due to disrupted hormonal regulation. In summary, stress is the correct answer as it directly stimulates the release of growth hormone, while the other choices inhibit or have a negative impact on growth hormone release.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Erythropoietin is primarily secreted from the kidney, specifically by the Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney's cortex. These cells are responsible for sensing oxygen levels and regulating erythropoietin production accordingly. Mesenchymal tumors, cerebellar haemangioblastoma, and lymphoma are not associated with erythropoietin secretion, making them incorrect choices. Mesenchymal tumors originate from connective tissues, cerebellar haemangioblastoma is a type of brain tumor, and lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. Only the Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney have the physiological role of secreting erythropoietin in response to hypoxia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Neovascularization. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy is characterized by early changes such as retinal vascular microaneurysms, blot hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots. Neovascularization is a feature of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, not non-proliferative. Neovascularization refers to the growth of abnormal new blood vessels in the retina, which can lead to severe vision loss if not treated promptly. In summary, neovascularization is not consistent with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, as it is a hallmark of the proliferative stage.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ischaemic heart disease. Metabolic syndrome X consists of a cluster of conditions, including hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Ischaemic heart disease, while commonly associated with metabolic syndrome X due to the increased risk factors, is not a direct component of the syndrome itself. Therefore, it is not considered a part of metabolic syndrome X. Hyperlipidemia (A), obesity (B), and hypertension (D) are all key components of metabolic syndrome X due to their association with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: 1. GnRH directly binds to pituitary receptors. 2. GnRH specifically targets gonadotroph cells to release LH and FSH. 3. CRH and ACTH are related to stress and adrenal function, not reproductive hormones. 4. Tremor is unrelated to pituitary hormone regulation. Summary: Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) is the correct answer as it directly stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. Other choices are incorrect as they are not involved in the regulation of reproductive hormones.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Aldosterone increases potassium excretion by promoting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys, leading to potassium excretion. This helps maintain electrolyte balance. Other choices are incorrect because aldosterone does not directly increase water loss, is released in response to low blood volume, and is deficient in Addison's disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because ADH secretion is increased during stress to retain water in the body. This response helps maintain blood pressure and prevent dehydration under stressful conditions. Choice B is incorrect because ADH secretion is actually increased during hemorrhage to conserve water. Choice C is incorrect because increased blood osmolality triggers ADH secretion to retain water. Choice D is incorrect because alcohol inhibits ADH secretion, leading to increased urine production.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Anorexia nervosa can affect both males and females. 2. Therefore, it is not exclusively in females. 3. Hypokalaemia, primary amenorrhea, and low FSH and LH are commonly associated with anorexia nervosa. 4. Choice C is incorrect as anorexia nervosa can affect individuals of any gender.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cortisol. The adrenal cortex produces cortisol, a steroid hormone involved in stress response and metabolism. Norepinephrine (A) is produced by the adrenal medulla. 5-DHEA (C) is a precursor to sex hormones and not directly produced by the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone (D) is produced by the adrenal cortex but is involved in regulating salt and water balance, not directly related to cortisol production.