Your pregnant client has a new order for a medication. What principle should you apply to this new medication?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In patient and family-centered care nursing, it is crucial to prioritize the well-being of both the patient and their unborn child. Option A is the correct answer because it highlights the importance of understanding the FDA pregnancy categories for medications. Categories C, D, and X are known to have potential risks to the fetus, making them contraindicated during pregnancy. By applying this principle, nurses can ensure the safety of both the mother and the developing baby. Option B is incorrect because it incorrectly states that drugs classified as categories A, B, and C are contraindicated during pregnancy. Categories A and B are considered safer options for pregnant women compared to categories C, D, and X. Option C is incorrect as it includes category E, which is not a recognized FDA pregnancy category for medications. The correct categories to consider are C, D, and X for their potential risks during pregnancy. Option D is incorrect as it introduces an imaginary category Z, which does not exist in the FDA's classification system for medications. This highlights the importance of nurses being knowledgeable about the FDA pregnancy categories to make informed decisions regarding medication administration during pregnancy. Educationally, understanding the FDA pregnancy categories is essential for nurses to provide safe and effective care to pregnant clients. By knowing which medications are contraindicated during pregnancy, nurses can advocate for alternative treatment options that are safer for both the mother and the developing fetus. This knowledge ensures that patient and family-centered care is upheld, promoting the best possible outcomes for pregnant women and their babies.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the stage that occurs between 12 years of age and adulthood is known as the Formal Operations stage, which is the correct answer (D). This stage typically begins around age 12 and continues into adulthood. During this stage, individuals develop the ability to think abstractly, use logic in a more complex way, and engage in hypothetical and deductive reasoning. They can also think about possibilities and outcomes in a more systematic manner. Option A) Sensorimotor and Option B) Preoperational are stages that occur in early childhood according to Piaget's theory. The Sensorimotor stage (A) occurs from birth to around 2 years old and is characterized by the infant's exploration of the world through sensory and motor activities. The Preoperational stage (B) occurs from around 2 to 7 years old and is marked by the development of language, symbolic play, and egocentric thinking. Option C) Concrete Operational refers to the stage that typically occurs between ages 7 and 11, where children begin to think more logically about concrete events but still struggle with abstract concepts. Understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development is essential for nurses practicing patient and family-centered care. By recognizing the cognitive abilities of individuals based on their developmental stage, nurses can adapt their communication and care strategies to better meet the needs of patients and their families. Additionally, understanding Piaget's theory can help nurses assess patients' understanding of their health conditions and treatment plans, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of patient and family-centered care in nursing, it is crucial to understand the risk factors associated with child abuse to provide effective support and interventions. The correct answer, option B, "Grew up in poverty," is not a direct risk factor for becoming a child abuser. While growing up in poverty can create stressors and challenges that may contribute to difficult circumstances, it is not inherently a determinant of one's likelihood to become a child abuser. Option A, "Abused as a child," is a well-documented risk factor for becoming a child abuser. Individuals who have experienced abuse themselves may struggle with unresolved trauma and may inadvertently perpetuate abusive behaviors if they have not received proper support and intervention. Option C, "Heavy drinker," is also a recognized risk factor for child abuse. Substance abuse, including heavy drinking, can impair judgment, increase impulsivity, and lead to decreased inhibitions, potentially resulting in abusive behaviors towards children. Option D, "Poor coping mechanisms to deal with frustration," is another significant risk factor for child abuse. Individuals who lack healthy coping mechanisms to manage stress and frustration may be more prone to reacting impulsively or aggressively towards children in challenging situations. Educationally, understanding these risk factors is essential for healthcare professionals, especially nurses, working with families and children. By recognizing these factors, nurses can provide targeted support, intervention, and resources to help mitigate the risk of child abuse and promote a safe and nurturing environment for children and families. It underscores the importance of a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to patient and family-centered care that considers the social determinants of health and individual circumstances in promoting overall well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of Patient and Family Centered Care Nursing, understanding the stages of grief is crucial when caring for individuals with mental health conditions like Major Depressive Disorder. In this scenario, Anna is most likely fixed in the stage of Depression. The correct answer is C) Depression because Major Depressive Disorder is a clinical diagnosis characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. These symptoms align closely with the stage of Depression in the grief process where individuals experience intense emotions related to their loss or diagnosis. Option A) Denial is incorrect because denial typically involves refusal to accept the reality of the situation, which may be an initial reaction to a diagnosis but is not indicative of Major Depressive Disorder. Option B) Anger is incorrect as it represents another stage of grief characterized by frustration and feelings of unfairness, which may occur at a later stage for individuals with depression but is not the fixed stage. Option D) Acceptance is incorrect as it represents the final stage of the grief process where individuals come to terms with their reality. In the case of Major Depressive Disorder, acceptance is a long-term goal rather than a fixed stage for someone actively experiencing depression. Educationally, understanding these stages of grief in relation to mental health conditions helps nurses provide holistic care that addresses the emotional and psychological needs of patients like Anna. By recognizing where a patient may be in the grief process, nurses can tailor their interventions to provide appropriate support and promote healing and recovery.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Assault. The nurse's statement to Joe constitutes a threat of physical harm by suggesting the use of restraints if he does not comply. Assault is defined as the threat of bodily harm that reasonably causes fear in the recipient. Option A) Defamation of character involves making false statements that damage a person's reputation, which is not applicable in this situation. Option B) Battery refers to the actual physical harm or offensive contact, which has not occurred. Option C) Breach of confidentiality involves revealing private information without consent, which is not relevant here. Educationally, it is crucial for nurses to understand the legal implications of their actions and words when interacting with patients. Threats or actions that could harm a patient's sense of safety or well-being can lead to legal consequences and compromise the nurse-patient relationship. Nurses should strive to communicate effectively, de-escalate situations, and prioritize patient-centered care in all interactions.