You give an intradermal injection of allergen to a patient who is undergoing skin testing for allergies. A few minutes later,the patient complains about feeling anxious short of breath and dizzy. You notice that the patient has reddened blotches on the face and arms. All of these therapies are available on your emergency cart. Which action should you take first?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The patient is showing signs of anaphylaxis,a life-threatening allergic reaction. The first priority is to administer epinephrine which acts quickly to reverse the symptoms by constricting blood vessels relaxing airway muscles and increasing heart rate. Oxygen and IV access are important but secondary to the immediate administration of epinephrine. Albuterol may be used for bronchospasm but is not the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, the primary mode of treatment is physical therapy (Option C). Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing inflammation and stiffness. Physical therapy plays a crucial role in managing this condition by improving flexibility, strength, and posture. It helps to reduce pain, improve mobility, and prevent further complications associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Option A, relaxed posture for comfort, may provide temporary relief but does not address the underlying issues of stiffness and reduced mobility associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Option B, strict bed rest, is not recommended as it can lead to muscle weakness, joint stiffness, and worsen the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis. Option D, respiratory therapy, is not the primary mode of treatment for ankylosing spondylitis as it focuses on improving lung function, which is not the primary concern in this condition. Educationally, it is essential for students to understand the specific treatment modalities for different conditions to provide optimal care to patients. Understanding the rationale behind each option helps reinforce the importance of evidence-based practice in pharmacology and healthcare. By learning the correct treatment approaches, students can effectively contribute to the management and improvement of patients' health outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In a patient with leukocytosis with a shift to the left, the correct answer is D) The demand for neutrophils causes the release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow. This finding indicates an increase in the number of neutrophils, including immature forms known as bands, in response to an infection or inflammatory process. The bone marrow releases immature neutrophils to meet the heightened demand for infection-fighting cells. Option A) The complement system activation enhances phagocytosis, which is true but not specifically related to the scenario of leukocytosis with a left shift. Option B) Monocytes being released in larger amounts is incorrect because monocytes are not typically associated with a left shift in leukocytosis. Option C) Inadequate response to cellular injury leading to tissue damage is not directly related to the phenomenon of leukocytosis with a left shift. Understanding the significance of a left shift in leukocytosis is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers to identify and appropriately manage infections and inflammatory conditions. Recognizing the underlying physiological processes contributing to this hematological response aids in accurate clinical assessment and treatment decisions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Provide metabolic energy for the inflammatory process. B-complex vitamins, including B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamin), play essential roles in various metabolic processes in the body. In the context of wound healing, these vitamins are crucial for providing metabolic energy to support the inflammatory response that is a part of the healing process. Option A) Decrease metabolism is incorrect because B-complex vitamins do not decrease metabolism. They are actually involved in metabolic pathways that support energy production. Option B) Protect protein from being used for energy is incorrect because while B-complex vitamins are involved in protein metabolism, their primary role in wound healing is to provide energy rather than specifically protecting proteins from being used for energy. Option D) Coenzymes for fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism is incorrect because this option highlights the general roles of B-complex vitamins in metabolism but does not specifically address their role in providing energy for the inflammatory process during wound healing. In an educational context, understanding the role of B-complex vitamins in wound healing is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in patient care, especially in cases where proper wound healing is essential for recovery. By knowing the specific functions of these vitamins, healthcare providers can ensure that patients receive adequate nutrition to support the healing process effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Genetic identity of an individual not seen as outward characteristics. This definition best describes genotype as it refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, representing the specific combination of alleles present in an organism's DNA that determine a specific trait. Genotype is not readily visible through outward physical characteristics and is distinct from phenotype, which represents the observable traits expressed by an organism. Option A) Basic unit of heredity; arranged on chromosome, is incorrect because it describes a gene, which is a specific segment of DNA that serves as the basic unit of heredity. While genes are arranged on chromosomes, they do not encompass the entire genetic identity of an individual. Option B) Transmission of a disease from parent to child, is incorrect as it describes the concept of genetic inheritance but not specifically the term genotype. Option D) Family tree containing genetic characteristics and disorders of that family, is incorrect as it describes a pedigree, which is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors in a family over generations. Understanding the distinction between genotype and phenotype is crucial in pharmacology as it influences how medications may be metabolized and how individuals may respond to treatment based on their genetic makeup. Pharmacogenomics, for example, utilizes knowledge of genotypes to personalize drug therapy based on individual genetic variations, highlighting the importance of understanding genetic identities in the context of pharmacological interventions.