You ask a patient to draw a clock. He fills in all the numbers on the right half of the circle. What do you suspect?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hemianopsia. This is because filling only the numbers on the right half of the clock suggests a visual field defect on the left side, a common symptom of hemianopsia. This could indicate damage to the brain's visual processing areas, such as in stroke or brain injury. Fatigue (B), Oppositional defiant disorder (C), and Depression (D) are unlikely to cause this specific symptom and should be ruled out through further assessment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The patellar tendon reflex is mediated by the femoral nerve, which receives sensory input from the L4 nerve root. When the patellar tendon is tapped, the sensory information is transmitted via the L4 nerve root to the spinal cord, activating the motor response through the femoral nerve. Therefore, the correct answer is B: L4. A: L1 - Incorrect. The L1 nerve root does not innervate the patellar tendon reflex. C: L5 - Incorrect. The L5 nerve root does not play a direct role in the patellar tendon reflex. D: S1 - Incorrect. The S1 nerve root is not involved in the patellar tendon reflex pathway.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Brachialis. The brachialis muscle is the main flexor of the forearm as it lies deep to the biceps brachii and directly acts on the ulna to flex the elbow joint. It is responsible for flexing the forearm regardless of the position of the hand. The other choices are incorrect because: A. Anconeus is a small muscle involved in extension of the elbow, not flexion. B. Biceps brachii is a powerful supinator of the forearm and also assists in flexion, but it is not the main flexor. D. Brachioradialis is a synergist in forearm flexion but not the primary flexor.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The Q angle is the angle between the line of pull of the quadriceps muscle and the patellar tendon. Tight lateral retinaculum can pull the patella laterally, increasing the Q angle. Genu varum (A) and decreased femoral anteversion (B) would actually decrease the Q angle as they align the patella more centrally. Internal tibial torsion (C) might alter the patellar tracking but would not directly increase the Q angle. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Extensor digiti minimi. The extensor digiti minimi muscle is innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial nerve. The other muscles listed (A, B, D) are all involved in wrist and finger extension and receive innervation from the radial nerve directly. Therefore, extensor digiti minimi is the exception as it is not innervated by the radial nerve, unlike the other muscles mentioned.