You are the supervising nurse in a physical rehabilitation center that has the philosophy that clients have the need to cope with their disabilities and its limitations are the result of a discrepancy between the client's abilities and the limitations of the physical and social environment within which the client lives. Which model of disability is this philosophy based on?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Nagi's Model. The philosophy of coping with disabilities and limitations due to a discrepancy between a client's abilities and the environment aligns with Nagi's Model of Disablement. This model focuses on the interaction between an individual's health condition, body structures, activities they engage in, and the environmental and social factors affecting their functioning. A) Orem's Self Care Model focuses on an individual's ability for self-care activities and may not directly address the environmental aspects highlighted in the scenario. C) A cognitive model of disability emphasizes cognitive processes involved in disability, such as perceptions and attitudes, rather than the environmental factors emphasized in the scenario. D) A biomedical model of disability focuses on the pathophysiology and medical aspects of disability, rather than the environmental and social aspects highlighted in Nagi's Model. In an educational context, understanding different models of disability is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide holistic care to individuals with disabilities. By applying Nagi's Model, nurses and other healthcare providers can better assess and address the impact of environmental factors on a client's ability to cope with their disability and improve their overall well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of family health care, understanding the complications of tube feedings is crucial for providing safe and effective care. In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Aspiration: Maintaining the client in at least a 30-degree angle. Aspiration occurs when food or liquid enters the airway instead of the digestive tract, leading to potential respiratory issues. By positioning the client at a 30-degree angle during and after tube feeding, gravity helps to keep the formula in the stomach and reduces the risk of aspiration. Option A) Constipation: The provision of a high fiber diet, is incorrect because preventing constipation in tube-fed clients typically involves strategies like ensuring adequate hydration, mobility, and possibly adjusting the formula composition rather than just focusing on fiber intake. Option B) Urinary pH changes: Encouraging ample oral fluid intake, is not directly related to tube feeding complications. Urinary pH changes are more commonly influenced by factors like diet composition and certain medical conditions. Option D) Aspiration: Maintaining the client in at least a 90-degree angle, is incorrect because a 90-degree angle may actually increase the risk of aspiration by not utilizing gravity to aid in digestion and retention of the feed in the stomach. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of proper positioning during tube feeding to prevent complications like aspiration. It underscores the need for caregivers to understand the rationale behind specific preventive measures to ensure the well-being of clients with tube feedings. By grasping these principles, family caregivers can play a significant role in promoting the health and safety of their loved ones receiving tube feeding therapy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option D) 2.1 mL. To determine the correct amount to administer to the client, we first need to calculate the total amount of medication needed for one dose. The doctor's order is 25 mg of medication BID (twice a day), which means the total daily dose is 50 mg (25 mg x 2). Given that the reconstituted medication yields 12 mg per mL and 3.3 mL of normal saline was used for reconstitution, the total volume of medication after reconstitution is 3.3 mL. Therefore, the concentration of the medication after reconstitution is 12 mg per mL. To find the amount needed for one dose, we divide the total daily dose (50 mg) by the concentration of the medication (12 mg/mL), which equals approximately 4.17 mL. Since 3.3 mL was already used for reconstitution, we subtract this amount from the total dose, leaving us with 0.87 mL. As the question asks how many mLs to administer to the client after the reconstitution, the correct answer is 3.3 mL (reconstituted medication) + 0.87 mL (additional medication needed) = 2.1 mL (option D). Option A) 1.9 mL, Option B) 2.0 mL, and Option C) 2.5 mL are incorrect as they do not consider the additional medication needed after reconstitution. This question is important in the context of family health care as it tests the nurse's ability to accurately calculate medication dosages, ensuring patient safety and effective treatment. Nurses must be proficient in medication calculations to administer the correct doses and prevent medication errors that could harm patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Focusing on reality. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego is the component of personality that deals with the external world and operates based on the reality principle. It helps individuals navigate reality by making decisions that consider the constraints of the external world. Option A is incorrect because determining what is right and wrong is more aligned with the superego in Freud's theory, which represents our moral compass and ideals. Option B, being concerned with self-gratification, is more characteristic of the id, which operates on the pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification of desires. Option D, the part where a person is only concerned with one's individual needs, is more reflective of the id as well, as it is driven by basic, instinctual impulses. Understanding these concepts is crucial in psychology and healthcare as it can help professionals analyze behavior, motivations, and coping mechanisms in individuals within the family unit, contributing to a holistic approach to family health care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a fundamental concept in understanding human motivation and behavior. According to Maslow, the highest level of need is self-actualization. This level represents the realization of personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, and peak experiences. Self-actualization is the pinnacle of human development where individuals strive to become the best version of themselves. It involves realizing one's talents, pursuing creative activities, and achieving personal goals. This level is characterized by a deep sense of fulfillment and purpose in life. In contrast, the other options provided in the question represent lower levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy. Self-esteem is a psychological need related to confidence, achievement, and respect from others. Love and belonging needs refer to the need for social connections, relationships, and a sense of belonging. Safety and security needs involve physical safety, stability, and protection from harm. In an educational context, understanding Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is crucial for healthcare providers to assess and address the holistic needs of individuals and families. By recognizing the importance of self-actualization as the highest level of need, healthcare professionals can support patients in achieving their full potential and promoting overall well-being. This knowledge helps in developing patient-centered care plans that encompass not only physical health but also psychological and emotional needs for optimal outcomes.