Witnessing violence, community violence, and media violence all are detrimental to children as it increases the impact of violence. All the following adverse effects can be increased by increasing the impact of violence EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option D) cyberbullying. Witnessing violence, community violence, and media violence can indeed have detrimental effects on children, such as poor school performance, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and lower self-esteem. However, cyberbullying does not necessarily directly result from an increased impact of violence in the same way as the other effects mentioned. Children exposed to violence can experience difficulties in academic performance due to trauma and emotional distress. They may also develop symptoms of anxiety and depression as a result of the exposure to violence, affecting their mental health and overall well-being. Furthermore, witnessing violence can lower a child's self-esteem and sense of self-worth, impacting their confidence and social interactions. In an educational context, understanding the effects of violence on children is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide holistic care. By recognizing these potential impacts, healthcare professionals can better support children and families dealing with the consequences of violence exposure. It is important to address these issues proactively to promote the health and well-being of children in their care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) None of the above. The reason for this is that the infant in question is described as having normal growth and development, which indicates that the hyperbilirubinemia is likely physiological and not pathological. Physiological jaundice in newborns, especially breastfed infants, is common and typically resolves on its own without the need for treatment. Option A) Phototherapy is commonly used to treat hyperbilirubinemia, but in this case of physiological jaundice in a well-growing infant, it is not necessary as the bilirubin levels are not at a concerning level. Option B) Exchange transfusion is a more invasive and serious intervention reserved for severe cases of hyperbilirubinemia that are unresponsive to other treatments. This procedure is not indicated for a well newborn with physiological jaundice. Option C) Phenobarbital is sometimes used in cases of hyperbilirubinemia caused by specific conditions such as Crigler-Najjar syndrome, but it is not appropriate for physiological jaundice. From an educational perspective, it is crucial to understand the difference between physiological and pathological jaundice in newborns. Physiological jaundice is common, benign, and typically self-resolving, while pathological jaundice requires further investigation and potentially treatment. Understanding the context and characteristics of the infant's condition is essential in determining the appropriate management approach in pediatric nursing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Congenital pneumonia with sepsis. In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to differentiate between various respiratory conditions to provide prompt and effective care. Congenital pneumonia with sepsis is the most likely condition in this case because the patient is presenting with respiratory distress, which can be indicative of an underlying infection such as pneumonia. The presence of sepsis further complicates the situation and requires immediate intervention to manage the infection and support the child's vital functions. Option A) Respiratory distress syndrome typically occurs in premature infants due to underdeveloped lungs, which is not the case described here. Option B) Diaphragmatic hernia involves a defect in the diaphragm leading to abdominal organs entering the chest cavity, causing respiratory compromise but is not the most likely diagnosis based on the symptoms provided. Option D) Pneumothorax is characterized by air accumulation in the pleural space causing lung collapse, which does not align with the symptoms mentioned. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for pediatric nurses to accurately assess and provide appropriate care for young patients. By recognizing the signs and symptoms of different pediatric respiratory conditions, nurses can initiate timely interventions, collaborate with the healthcare team, and optimize patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Reducing the incidence of pneumothorax. Endotracheal instillation of exogenous surfactant in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) helps improve lung compliance and reduces the risk of alveolar collapse, thereby decreasing the incidence of pneumothorax. This procedure does not prevent chronic lung disease (Option A) directly, as chronic lung disease is multifactorial and may occur due to various reasons including prematurity. While surfactant therapy can improve oxygenation and lung function, it may not directly impact chronic lung disease development. Similarly, while surfactant therapy can lead to more rapid improvement of RDS (Option D) by reducing atelectasis and improving lung function, it may not directly reduce mortality (Option C) as mortality in neonates with RDS can be influenced by various factors beyond surfactant therapy alone, such as prematurity, associated comorbidities, and overall clinical management. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind the benefits of endotracheal instillation of exogenous surfactant in neonates with RDS is crucial for pediatric nurses. It helps in providing evidence-based care, optimizing neonatal outcomes, and preventing complications such as pneumothorax. By grasping the specific benefits of surfactant therapy, nurses can effectively contribute to the holistic care of neonates with respiratory distress, ensuring safe and effective management of their respiratory needs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In infants of diabetic mothers, class B, the main concern is macrosomia or large for gestational age due to maternal hyperglycemia. Intrauterine growth retardation (Option C) is not typically seen in infants of diabetic mothers but rather in pregnancies complicated by conditions such as hypertension or placental insufficiency. Hypoglycemia (Option A) is a common issue in these infants due to their own hyperinsulinism in response to high maternal glucose levels. Hypocalcemia (Option B) can occur due to maternal hyperparathyroidism but is not a primary concern in infants of diabetic mothers. Hypomagnesemia (Option D) can occur but is less common than hypoglycemia. In an educational context, understanding the unique challenges faced by infants of diabetic mothers is crucial for pediatric nurses. Recognizing the specific complications that may arise allows nurses to provide targeted care and interventions to optimize outcomes for these infants. By differentiating between potential problems and understanding their underlying causes, nurses can deliver specialized care that addresses the unique needs of this population.