Why does a patient with anemia often feel fatigued?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In patients with anemia, the correct answer to why they often feel fatigued is option B) Lack of oxygen getting to the cells in her body. Anemia is a condition characterized by a decreased number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. This lack of oxygen impairs the body's ability to generate energy through aerobic metabolism, resulting in fatigue. Option A) Destruction (hemolysis) of the RBCs, while a cause of anemia in conditions like hemolytic anemia, does not directly explain the fatigue experienced by patients. Option C) Paleness (pallor) of the skin is a symptom of anemia but does not address the underlying reason for fatigue. Option D) Lack of nutritional intake of essential nutrients like iron or B12 can lead to specific types of anemia but does not directly relate to the fatigue mechanism in anemia. Educationally, it is essential for healthcare professionals to understand the physiological basis of symptoms in anemia to provide appropriate care and support for patients. By knowing that fatigue in anemia is primarily due to the lack of oxygen delivery to tissues, healthcare providers can tailor interventions to address this root cause, such as managing the underlying condition causing the anemia or providing supplemental oxygen or blood transfusions when necessary.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of a patient diagnosed with Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), the priority intervention is to monitor the coagulation status through tests like PT (Prothrombin Time), PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time), and INR (International Normalized Ratio) as option A suggests. This is crucial because DVT is a condition where blood clots form in the deep veins, and monitoring these parameters helps in assessing the patient's risk of clot formation or bleeding. Option B, early ambulation and aerobic exercise, though important for DVT management to prevent complications like pulmonary embolism, is not the priority intervention in the acute phase when monitoring coagulation status is crucial for immediate management. Option C, application of ice packs, is not recommended for DVT as it can potentially worsen the condition by causing vasoconstriction and increasing the risk of clot formation. Option D, increasing dietary intake of foods rich in vitamin K, is contraindicated in DVT management as vitamin K promotes blood clotting, which can exacerbate the condition. In an educational context, understanding the priority interventions in managing DVT is crucial for healthcare providers to ensure timely and appropriate care for patients at risk of complications. Monitoring coagulation status allows for informed decision-making regarding anticoagulant therapy and reduces the risk of adverse outcomes associated with DVT.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In patients with leukemia undergoing a bone marrow transplant, the increased risk post-transplant is infection (Option C). This is due to the fact that the transplant procedure itself can weaken the patient's immune system, making them more susceptible to infections. Additionally, the high-dose chemotherapy and radiation used in preparation for the transplant can further compromise the immune system. Option A, bleeding, is less likely to be a significant risk post-transplant because patients receive blood products to support their clotting function. Option B, clot formation, is also less of a concern as patients are often on medications to prevent excessive clotting. Option D, nausea and vomiting, may occur post-transplant due to the side effects of the treatment but is not the primary increased risk. Understanding these risks is crucial in the field of hematology oncology as it helps healthcare providers anticipate and manage potential complications in leukemia patients undergoing bone marrow transplants.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In caring for a patient with sickle cell anemia during a sickle cell crisis, the treatment plan should include all of the options provided. IV fluids are essential to adequately hydrate the patient, prevent dehydration, and improve blood flow. Narcotic pain management is crucial for managing severe pain, a hallmark of sickle cell crisis. Transfusion of red blood cells may be necessary to correct anemia and improve oxygen delivery to tissues. Option A is correct as hydration is key in preventing sickling of red blood cells. Option B is necessary to provide effective pain relief during acute crisis episodes. Option C may be required in severe cases of anemia to improve oxygen-carrying capacity. Option D, which includes all the above options, is the correct choice as all components are vital in managing a sickle cell crisis effectively. Educationally, understanding the comprehensive approach to managing sickle cell crisis is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in the care of these patients. Emphasizing the importance of hydration, pain management, and addressing anemia can lead to better outcomes and improved quality of life for individuals with sickle cell anemia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In hematology oncology, understanding the effects of aging on lymphocytes is crucial for diagnosing and managing conditions related to immune system function. The correct answer is A) Decreased resistance to infection. As individuals age, there is a natural decline in the number and function of lymphocytes, which are key players in the immune response. This decline leads to a weakened immune system, resulting in decreased resistance to infections in older adults. Option B) Cognitive problems and option C) Urinary incontinence are not directly related to a decrease in lymphocytes with age. Cognitive problems are more associated with conditions like dementia or neurodegenerative diseases, while urinary incontinence is linked to issues with the urinary system or pelvic floor muscles. Option D) Decrease in various blood components is too broad and nonspecific to the effects of lymphocyte decrease with age. While aging can affect various blood components, the primary concern in this context is the impact on lymphocytes and immune function. In an educational context, this question highlights the importance of recognizing age-related changes in immune function and their implications for overall health. Healthcare professionals need to be aware of how aging can affect the immune system to provide appropriate care and interventions for older patients, particularly in the context of infectious diseases and cancer, which are common concerns in hematology oncology.