Why did American citizens become interested in establishing government-sponsored boards of health?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because American citizens became interested in establishing government-sponsored boards of health due to the fear of infectious diseases such as yellow fever. This fear drove them to seek government intervention to address public health issues and prevent the spread of diseases. In contrast, choice B is incorrect as it does not relate to the primary reason for establishing boards of health. Choice D is also incorrect as the primary purpose of these boards was to focus on public health rather than taxation. Choice C is not provided with any information to support its relevance to the question.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, investigating causes of absenteeism. In the early 20th century, school nurses focused on public health, identifying and addressing health issues affecting attendance. By investigating causes of absenteeism, nurses could improve overall student health and well-being. Choice B, teaching school as well as being a nurse, is incorrect because school nurses primarily focused on health-related duties, not teaching. Choice C, promoting nursing as an autonomous practice, is incorrect as the role of school nurses was more about public health and student well-being rather than advocating for nursing autonomy. Choice D, providing medical treatment to enable children to return to school, is incorrect as the primary focus was on prevention and health education rather than solely treating existing health issues.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because nurses in the early 20th century were primarily educated in diploma schools that focused on providing care to hospitalized clients, rather than preparing them for public health nursing. This limited their exposure to community-based care and preventive health practices essential for public health nursing. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Public health nursing was indeed recognized as a field by the early 20th century, so this cannot be a reason for nurses being unprepared. C: Lack of teaching resources does not fully explain why nurses were unprepared; it was more about the focus of their education. D: While Nightingale's textbook may not have included public health nursing content, it is not the sole reason for nurses' lack of preparedness.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Comprehensive assessment and planning done in the community. This is crucial as it ensures that the program is tailored to the specific needs and priorities of the community. By conducting a thorough assessment, the nurse can identify the most pressing health issues and develop a program that addresses those needs effectively. Documented needs of the local community (B) are important but may not capture the full scope of issues without a comprehensive assessment. Federal funding (C) is helpful but should not be the sole determining factor in program development. Nursing staff expertise (D) is valuable but should be complemented by community assessment to ensure relevance and effectiveness.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Healthy People 2020. This document outlines national health objectives, including promoting early detection of breast cancer. It provides evidence-based strategies and goals for improving public health. A: The Future of Public Health - Focuses on the broader future of public health, not specifically on early detection of breast cancer in women. C: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Primarily addresses healthcare coverage and access, not specific strategies for promoting early detection of breast cancer. D: Scope and Standards of Public Health Nursing Practice - Pertains to the responsibilities and competencies of public health nurses, but does not specifically address strategies for promoting early detection of breast cancer.