Who influenced Peplau?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sullivan's interpersonal relationship theory. Peplau was influenced by Sullivan's emphasis on interpersonal relationships in therapy, which aligns with Peplau's focus on nurse-client relationships in her theory of interpersonal relations. This influence is evident in Peplau's emphasis on the therapeutic nurse-client relationship as a central element in psychiatric nursing practice. Summary: B: Freud's psychoanalytic theory does not directly align with Peplau's emphasis on interpersonal relationships. C: Maslow's hierarchy of needs focuses on human motivation, which is different from Peplau's focus on therapeutic relationships. D: Erikson's stages of psychosocial development do not directly relate to Peplau's emphasis on nurse-client relationships in psychiatric nursing.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in cognition, motivation, and movement. Dopamine plays a crucial role in various brain functions related to cognition, motivation, and motor control. It is essential in maintaining focus, decision-making, and movement coordination. Dopamine is not primarily associated with mood regulation and arousal (choice B), pain perception and muscle relaxation (choice C), or learning and memory (choice D). These functions are mainly linked to other neurotransmitters like serotonin, endorphins, and acetylcholine.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anxiety. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood and anxiety. An increase in serotonin levels is associated with decreased anxiety symptoms. In contrast, serotonin levels are often low in depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease, so choices B, C, and D are incorrect. In depression, serotonin deficiency is often implicated. Schizophrenia is linked to dopamine and glutamate imbalances, not serotonin. Parkinson's disease is associated with dopamine depletion in the brain, not serotonin. Thus, the correct answer is A based on the role of serotonin in anxiety regulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because norepinephrine levels are decreased in depression. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, arousal, and stress response. Low levels of norepinephrine have been linked to symptoms of depression. Incorrect choices: A: Norepinephrine levels are not typically associated with mania, anxiety, or schizophrenia. C: Parkinson's disease is associated with dopamine depletion, not norepinephrine. D: Alzheimer's disease is not directly related to norepinephrine levels.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Glutamate is a neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory. Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, playing a crucial role in synaptic plasticity, which underlies learning and memory processes. It facilitates communication between neurons, enhancing synaptic strength and promoting the formation of new neural connections. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because glutamate's primary role is not in mood regulation, cognition, motivation, or pain perception, although it does play a role in various physiological functions.