While screening for diabetes at a community clinic, a community health nurse (CHN) found out that a new client had type 2 diabetes. The CHN then provided counselling, referred the client to an endocrinologist for initial assessment and treatment, helped with arrangements for financial assistance, arranged transportation, and booked a follow-up appointment. What role does this type of service exemplify?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Case management. Case management involves coordinating and organizing services for individuals to ensure they receive comprehensive care. In this scenario, the CHN assessed the client's needs, referred them to an endocrinologist, assisted with financial aid, arranged transportation, and scheduled a follow-up appointment, all of which are key components of case management. This approach focuses on individualized care and continuity of services to address the client's needs effectively. Choice B: Client advocacy involves supporting and promoting the rights and interests of the client. While the CHN did advocate for the client by providing assistance, the primary focus was on coordinating services, making A a more fitting option. Choice C: Holistic care considers the physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects of an individual's health. While the services provided were comprehensive, the focus was more on coordinating and managing the client's care rather than addressing all aspects of holistic care. Choice D: Wrap-around services involve providing a range of

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Notify legal authorities. This is the most appropriate action for the CHN to take because suspected cases of child abuse must be reported to legal authorities to ensure the safety and well-being of the child. Reporting to legal authorities initiates an official investigation by trained professionals who can assess the situation and take appropriate action to protect the child. A: Asking the student about the abuse may put the child at risk of further harm if the abuser is present or if the child is not ready to disclose the abuse. B: Documenting findings in the student's school record is not sufficient to address the immediate safety concerns of the child. C: Discussing suspicions with teachers or spiritual leaders may not lead to the necessary intervention and protection of the child. In summary, notifying legal authorities is the most effective and necessary step to ensure the safety of the child in cases of suspected abuse.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the parent's statement indicates emotional abuse through threats of harm and fear tactics. Yelling and using scare tactics like the boogeyman can have long-lasting negative effects on a child's emotional well-being, leading to anxiety and insecurity. Choice A shows progress in managing anger and using positive discipline techniques. Choice C demonstrates a parent trying to use a common discipline method, although the child's coping difficulties may need further support. Choice D shows a parent using distraction and removal techniques, which are generally considered appropriate strategies for managing tantrums.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C: Host. Antibiotics disrupt the normal vaginal flora, creating an environment conducive to yeast overgrowth. The host's susceptibility to infection due to altered microbiota is the primary factor in developing vaginal fungal infections. The agent (yeast) and the environment (vaginal environment) play secondary roles. Choice A is incorrect because the yeast is the agent causing the infection, but it is the host's response that determines infection development. Choice B is incorrect because the vaginal environment is affected by antibiotics, but it is the host's response that leads to infection. Choice D is incorrect because while both agent and host are involved, it is the host's susceptibility that is the key factor.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because antibodies to HIV are typically detected in the blood within 6 weeks to 3 months after infection, indicating exposure to the virus. This seroconversion period is when the body starts producing antibodies to fight the HIV virus. The presence of these antibodies in the blood is a key indicator of HIV infection, leading to a diagnosis of AIDS. Choice A is incorrect because a negative ELISA result does not diagnose AIDS, as it only indicates the absence of HIV antibodies. Choice C is incorrect as there is no specific peak level of HIV antibodies required for diagnosis. Choice D is incorrect because a positive ELISA result alone is not sufficient to diagnose AIDS; clinical signs and symptoms must also be present.