While preparing an infusion of mannitol (Osmitrol), the nurse notices small crystals in the IV tubing. What is the most appropriate action by the nurse?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The presence of small crystals in the IV tubing indicates that the mannitol solution is not suitable for administration due to the risk of causing adverse effects to the patient. Discarding the solution and obtaining a new bag of medication is the most appropriate action to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the infusion. Infusing a solution with crystals can lead to complications such as embolism or tissue damage. It is important to always verify the integrity and clarity of IV solutions before administration to prevent potential harm to the patient.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Lithium is commonly used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder. One of its main therapeutic effects is its ability to prevent or decrease the incidence of acute manic episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. Lithium can help stabilize mood swings and reduce the severity and frequency of manic episodes. By regulating neurotransmitter levels in the brain, lithium helps to balance mood and prevent the extreme highs associated with mania. It is an essential medication for managing bipolar disorder and is particularly effective in treating manic symptoms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this case, the blood type of the donor (type O, Rh-negative) is not compatible with the blood type of the patient (type AB, Rh-positive). Blood type AB individuals can receive blood from all blood types (universal recipient), but they can only donate to individuals with the same blood type. Therefore, if a patient with blood type AB receives a transfusion of type O blood, it will lead to a major incompatibility reaction, possibly resulting in serious complications such as hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), renal failure, and even death. It is crucial for the nurse to verify the blood type of the patient and ensure that the correct blood type is provided to prevent such adverse reactions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Albuterol is a medication commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. It works by relaxing the muscles in the airways, allowing the air passages to widen and making it easier to breathe. This bronchodilation effect helps to relieve symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Albuterol is classified as a short-acting beta-agonist, and its therapeutic use lies in its ability to provide quick relief during acute asthma attacks or to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Valproate is a medication commonly used to treat seizures and prevent migraine headaches. It acts by suppressing seizure activity and stabilizing electrical activity in the brain. Valproate is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant drug that can be an effective treatment for epilepsy and migraine prophylaxis. It works by increasing the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that inhibits brain activity, thus reducing the frequency and severity of seizures and migraine attacks. Glipizide is an oral antidiabetic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes, hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic used to treat high blood pressure, and atropine is a medication with various uses, including dilating the pupils and reducing secretions during surgery.