While managing a client after a medical or surgical procedure for bladder stones, when should the nurse notify the physician?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because assessing and recognizing abnormal findings is crucial in post-procedure care for bladder stones. This includes monitoring for signs of infection, urinary retention, bleeding, or other complications that may require immediate medical intervention. Notifying the physician promptly allows for timely treatment and prevents potential complications. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are not directly related to the immediate post-procedure care for bladder stones and do not require immediate physician notification.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: the patient with urge incontinence and abnormal detrusor muscle contractions. Bladder training is an appropriate intervention for this patient because it aims to increase the bladder capacity and decrease the frequency of abnormal contractions. The program involves scheduled voiding and delaying urination to gradually increase the time between bathroom visits. This helps to retrain the bladder muscles and improve control over urination. A: Functional incontinence due to mental status changes is not typically addressed through bladder training. B: Stress incontinence due to weakened bladder neck support is better treated with pelvic floor exercises and lifestyle modifications. D: Transient incontinence due to inability to get to toileting facilities requires environmental modifications and timed toileting, not bladder training.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The correct order of physiologic occurrences in urine formation is as follows: A) Blood is filtered in the glomerulus. This is the initial step where blood enters the nephron for filtration. The other choices are incorrect because B) Reabsorption of water in the loop of Henle occurs after filtration, C) Reabsorption of electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and small proteins in the tubules happens after the initial filtration, and D) Acid-base regulation in the distal tubule occurs after other processes such as reabsorption and secretion have taken place.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inability to void. Urinary retention refers to the inability to empty the bladder completely. The nurse should explain to the student that this condition causes difficulty in urination and can lead to discomfort and complications if not addressed. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because urinary retention does not refer to the absence of urine formation, large urine output, or increased urination frequency. It specifically relates to the inability to void urine from the bladder.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The most common cause of acute pyelonephritis from an ascending infection is a preexisting abnormality of the urinary tract. This abnormality can lead to urine stasis, making it easier for bacteria to ascend from the lower urinary tract to the kidneys. Choices A and B are incorrect because scarred kidneys and antibiotic resistance do not typically cause acute pyelonephritis. Choice D is incorrect as non-compliance with antibiotics may contribute to recurrent infections but is not the most common cause of pyelonephritis.