Which U.S. law passed in 1965 significantly expanded access to healthcare for elderly and low-income individuals?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The Medicare and Medicaid Act. This law, passed in 1965, introduced both Medicare and Medicaid programs, significantly expanding healthcare access for elderly and low-income individuals. Medicare provides health coverage for individuals aged 65 and older, while Medicaid serves low-income individuals and families. The Social Security Act (A) primarily focuses on retirement benefits and is not specific to healthcare. The Affordable Care Act (B) was signed into law in 2010 and aimed to improve and expand access to healthcare for all Americans, not just the elderly and low-income. The National Health Service Act (D) is a UK law establishing the National Health Service and is not relevant to U.S. healthcare legislation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The cholera outbreak study by John Snow. This event in the 19th century significantly advanced public health understanding of sanitation and disease transmission by demonstrating the link between contaminated water sources and cholera transmission. John Snow's investigation led to the removal of a contaminated water pump, which effectively stopped the outbreak. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Spanish Flu pandemic, while significant, did not specifically focus on sanitation and disease transmission understanding. B: The discovery of penicillin revolutionized treatment but did not directly contribute to public health understanding of sanitation. D: The formation of the CDC is important for disease control, but it did not have the same direct impact on advancing understanding of sanitation and disease transmission as John Snow's study.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The Health for All Campaign. This initiative, launched by WHO, focuses on promoting health for all individuals globally by emphasizing disease prevention and health promotion. It aims to address infectious diseases and improve overall health outcomes worldwide. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The World Health Assembly is the decision-making body of WHO, not a specific public health initiative. B: The Global Health Security Agenda focuses on preventing, detecting, and responding to infectious disease threats but is not a global health promotion initiative. D: The Sustainable Development Goals are a set of global goals for sustainable development, which includes health but is not solely focused on infectious disease prevention and health promotion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The Sanitation Movement. This movement focused on reducing the spread of infectious diseases by improving sanitation and hygiene practices. Sanitation measures like clean water supply, waste disposal, and proper sewage systems were key components in preventing the transmission of diseases. The other choices are incorrect as they do not specifically address the importance of sanitation and hygiene in combating infectious diseases. The Health Promotion Movement emphasizes overall well-being, the Social Determinants of Health Movement focuses on addressing societal factors influencing health outcomes, and the Immunization Movement revolves around the use of vaccines to prevent diseases.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: The Public Health Service Act. This law, passed in 1912, established the U.S. Public Health Service, providing a framework for the country's public health system. It focused on preventing the spread of diseases, conducting research, and promoting public health education. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Public Health Act is a generic term and not a specific law passed in 1912. B: The Social Security Act was passed in 1935 and focused on providing financial support for the elderly and disabled, not on public health. C: The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was passed in 1938 and primarily regulates the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics, not the establishment of the public health system.