Which types of adoption studies should a nurse recognize as providing useful information for the understanding of genetic versus environmental influences on personality development?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: This type of adoption study allows researchers to isolate the impact of genetics (mental illness in biological parents) from the impact of environment (mentally healthy adoptive parents). By comparing the outcomes of these children with mentally ill biological parents raised by mentally healthy adoptive parents to the general population, researchers can determine the extent to which mental illness is influenced by genetics. This study design helps provide useful information for the psychiatric community in understanding the role of genetics in mental illness.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in memory, learning, and muscle contractions. Decreased levels of acetylcholine have been associated with cognitive impairments, including memory deficits. In the scenario provided, the client is experiencing memory deficits and decreased motor function, which could be correlated with decreased levels of acetylcholine in the brain. It is important for the nurse to consider this alteration in brain chemistry when assessing and planning care for the client.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The neurotransmitter serotonin is catabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). This enzyme plays a key role in the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. MAO breaks down these neurotransmitters by oxidizing the monoamine molecules. In the case of serotonin, MAO helps convert it into its primary metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Inhibitors of MAO, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), can affect the levels of serotonin in the brain by blocking its breakdown, which can have therapeutic effects in certain conditions like depression and anxiety.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The charge nurse's statement aligns with the principles of Kantianism, which is based on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Kantianism emphasizes the importance of treating individuals with respect and dignity, viewing them as ends in themselves rather than means to an end. In this case, the charge nurse is demonstrating a sense of duty and compassion towards mentally ill clients, highlighting the belief that everyone deserves caring and empathetic treatment, regardless of the situation. Kant would support the idea that individuals should be treated with kindness and empathy, based on the principle of treating others as you would want to be treated in a similar situation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Clients have the legal right to refuse any treatment, including pharmacological, psychological, or procedures like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This right is essential as it upholds the client's autonomy and right to make decisions about their own healthcare. While healthcare providers may strongly recommend certain treatments based on their professional judgment, they cannot force a client to undergo any treatment against their will, except in cases where the client poses an imminent threat to themselves or others (such as being actively suicidal or homicidal). In those instances, there are specific protocols and legal procedures that must be followed to ensure the safety of all involved.