Which type of urinary tract calculi are the most common and frequently obstruct the ureter?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Calcium oxalate. This type of urinary tract calculi is the most common because calcium oxalate crystals are frequently formed due to various factors such as high dietary intake of oxalate-rich foods. These crystals can easily aggregate and form calculi that often obstruct the ureter due to their size and shape. Cystine calculi (A) are rare and usually seen in patients with genetic disorders. Uric acid calculi (B) are common in patients with gout or acidic urine but are not the most frequent type. Calcium phosphate calculi (D) can form in conditions of alkaline urine but are less common than calcium oxalate calculi.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Less protein loss. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) occurs continuously, allowing for a slower and gentler removal of waste products, leading to less protein loss compared to the intermittent nature of hemodialysis (HD). This is because PD uses the peritoneal membrane as a filter, which is more gentle on proteins. Rapid fluid removal (B) is actually an advantage of HD, as it can quickly remove excess fluids. Less cardiovascular stress (C) is not a specific advantage of PD over HD, as both types of dialysis can impact cardiovascular health. Decreased hyperlipidemia (D) is not a direct advantage of PD over HD.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer: C Rationale: 1. Acute pyelonephritis requires antibiotic therapy to eliminate the infection and prevent renal damage. 2. Continuing drug therapy indefinitely ensures complete eradication of the infection. 3. Stopping drug therapy prematurely can lead to recurrence and potential renal complications. 4. Understanding the necessity of drug therapy is crucial for Mrs. Miller's long-term renal health. Summary: A: Incorrect. Restricting fluid intake can worsen the infection and hinder recovery. B: Incorrect. Protein intake is not directly related to the treatment of acute pyelonephritis. D: Incorrect. Preventing viral infections is not directly relevant to the treatment of acute pyelonephritis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: prevent accidental puncture of the bladder. Voiding before catheter insertion ensures the bladder is empty, reducing the risk of bladder puncture during peritoneal dialysis. Choice A is incorrect as voiding does not determine treatment effectiveness. Choice C is incorrect as output recording is not the primary reason for voiding. Choice D is incorrect as voiding does not directly prevent incontinence during peritoneal dialysis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The best time for a woman of childbearing age to perform breast self-examination is 1 week after her menstrual period ends. This is because breast tissue tends to be less tender and lumpy during this time, making it easier to detect any abnormalities. Performing the examination at this time allows for a more accurate assessment of the breasts. Additionally, hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle can affect breast tissue, so performing the examination post-menstruation reduces the likelihood of false alarms. Choices A, B, and D are not ideal times as breast tenderness and hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual period can make it challenging to accurately detect abnormalities.