Which type of study design is often used for hypothesis generation?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Descriptive studies (A) generate hypotheses by observing patterns (e.g., cholera maps). B tests, C experiments, D is non-epidemiological.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Analytical studies (B) test causal hypotheses (e.g., smoking and cancer). A is descriptive, C is generation, D is clinical.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All methods (D) control confounding: randomization (A) balances variables, blinding (B) reduces bias, matching (C) pairs on confounders (e.g., age). Combined, they’re effective.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Blinding (B) reduces information bias by masking status (e.g., double-blind trials). A, C, and D address other issues.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sensitivity (B) is true positives / (true positives + false negatives), detecting diseased (e.g., 90% sensitivity = 90% of sick identified). A is specificity, C is PPV, D is an error.