Which type of APC has the ability to concentrate a

Question 1 of 5

Which type of APC has the ability to concentrate antigen for presentation?

A. Dendritic cells B. Macrophages C. Virgin B cells D. Activated B cells

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Dendritic cells excel at antigen uptake and concentration; macrophages and B cells (C, D) present but don't concentrate as effectively.

Question 2 of 5

What is the role of the thymus in protecting the body against disease?

A. It houses decaying lymphocytes, recycling the nutrients within them B. It is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes and the production of thymosin C. It is the site of production and maturation of B lymphocytes D. Macrophages and monocytes are produced here and migrate to other tissues of the body

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The thymus matures T lymphocytes and produces thymosin ; it doesn't recycle , mature B cells (C, bone marrow), or produce macrophages/monocytes .

Question 3 of 5

When macrophages in a tissue encounter bacteria, they release cytokines that induce an inflammatory response. These cytokines act on other immune cells, to recruit them to the site of infection and to enhance their activities. In addition, these cytokines act on the endothelial cells of the blood vessel wall to:

A. Increase their permeability, allowing fluid and proteins to leak into the tissue B. Solidify the tight junctions to prevent the bacteria from entering the blood C. Proliferate, allowing the blood vessel to enlarge D. Up-regulate microbicidal mechanisms, so they can kill bacteria

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cytokines increase endothelial permeability for immune cell extravasation; tightening junctions , proliferation , or microbicidal action aren't primary effects.

Question 4 of 5

Even when the complement cascade fails to proceed beyond generating the C3 convertase, complement activation is effective at inducing pathogen uptake and destruction. This process of immune protection is mediated by:

A. Activation of complement inhibitory receptors on phagocytes that promote pathogen uptake B. Activation of soluble proteases in the serum that disrupt pathogen membranes C. Engagement of complement receptors on phagocytes by C3b and its cleavage products which promotes phagocytosis D. Engagement of complement receptors on B cells that promotes antibody production

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: C3b and fragments (iC3b) engage phagocyte complement receptors for uptake ; not inhibitory , proteases , or B cells .

Question 5 of 5

Recombination signal sequences are conserved heptamer and nonamer sequences that flank the V, J, and D gene segments which undergo recombination to generate the final V region coding exon. Some of these have 12-nucleotide spacers between the heptamer and nonamer, and others have 23-nucleotide spacers. The reason recombination signal sequences come in these two forms is:

A. To ensure the correct assembly of gene segments so that a V_H recombines to a D_H and not to another V_H, for instance B. To ensure that the heptamer and nonamer are found on the same face of the DNA double helix C. To ensure that Îº, Î», and heavy chains recombine within a locus and not between loci D. To ensure that Îº, Î», and heavy chain gene segments do not undergo recombination with non-immunoglobulin genes

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: 12/23 rule ensures V-D-J assembly ; not helix face , locus specificity , or non-Ig genes .

Which type of APC has the ability to concentrate antigen for presentation?

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