Which test measures how much and how quickly you can move air out of your lungs?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Spirometry is the correct answer because it measures the volume of air exhaled in a specific time frame, assessing lung function and capacity. It is commonly used to diagnose conditions like asthma and COPD. Peak flow meter measures only the maximum speed of exhalation, not volume. Lung volume test measures the total lung capacity, not the speed of air movement. Arterial blood gas measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, not lung function.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pleurisy. Pleurisy is characterized by inflammation of the pleura, the lining surrounding the lungs, causing sharp chest pain exacerbated by breathing. Pericarditis (B) is inflammation of the pericardium, the lining around the heart, not the pleura. Endocarditis (C) is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, not the pleura. Myocarditis (D) is inflammation of the heart muscle, not the pleura. Therefore, based on the symptoms described in the question, Pleurisy is the most appropriate diagnosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Orthopnea refers to difficulty breathing when lying flat, relieved by sitting up. 2. Dyspnea is a general term for difficulty breathing, not specific to lying flat. 3. Tachypnea is rapid breathing, not related to difficulty breathing when lying flat. 4. Bradypnea is slow breathing, not related to difficulty breathing when lying flat. Thus, the correct answer is A (Orthopnea), as it specifically describes the condition of requiring multiple pillows to sleep comfortably due to difficulty breathing when lying flat.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for A being correct: 1. Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies against collagen in the lungs and kidneys. 2. Antibodies attack the basement membrane of the lungs and kidneys, leading to severe respiratory and renal damage. 3. Symptoms include coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, and kidney failure. 4. Treatment involves immunosuppressive therapy and plasma exchange to remove harmful antibodies. Summary: - B: Sarcoidosis involves granulomas in multiple organs but typically not lung-kidney damage. - C: Wegener's granulomatosis affects the respiratory tract and kidneys but involves inflammation, not antibodies against collagen. - D: Interstitial lung disease is a broad term for various lung conditions but doesn't specifically involve the immune system attacking lungs and kidneys.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angioplasty. This procedure uses a balloon to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the heart. First, a catheter with a deflated balloon is inserted into the blocked artery. Then, the balloon is inflated to widen the artery and improve blood flow. This is a minimally invasive procedure commonly used to treat coronary artery disease. Choice B: Coronary artery bypass graft involves using blood vessels from another part of the body to bypass blocked arteries, not using a balloon. Choice C: Stent placement involves inserting a mesh tube to keep the artery open, but it does not use a balloon to open the vessel. Choice D: Valve replacement is a procedure to replace damaged heart valves and does not involve using a balloon to open narrowed arteries.