Which test measures how much and how quickly you can move air out of your lungs?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Spirometry is the correct answer because it measures the volume of air exhaled in a specific time frame, assessing lung function and capacity. It is commonly used to diagnose conditions like asthma and COPD. Peak flow meter measures only the maximum speed of exhalation, not volume. Lung volume test measures the total lung capacity, not the speed of air movement. Arterial blood gas measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, not lung function.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Spirometry is the correct answer because it measures the volume of air exhaled in a specific time frame, assessing lung function and capacity. It is commonly used to diagnose conditions like asthma and COPD. Peak flow meter measures only the maximum speed of exhalation, not volume. Lung volume test measures the total lung capacity, not the speed of air movement. Arterial blood gas measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, not lung function.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Fluid and electrolyte imbalances can lead to fatigue, a common side effect of diuretic use in older adults.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dilated cardiomyopathy. This condition is characterized by the heart muscle becoming enlarged and weakened, leading to reduced pumping efficiency. This results in symptoms like fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling. In contrast, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (B) is characterized by thickening of the heart muscle, restrictive cardiomyopathy (C) involves stiffness of the heart muscle, and myocarditis (D) is inflammation of the heart muscle. These conditions do not specifically involve the enlargement and weakening seen in dilated cardiomyopathy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Calcium channel blocker. These medications work by blocking calcium from entering the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels, causing them to relax and dilate, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure. ACE inhibitors (B) work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate. Beta-blockers (C) decrease heart rate and contractility but do not directly relax blood vessels. Diuretics (D) increase urine output to lower blood volume and pressure but do not directly act on blood vessels.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Frequent small meals can help manage nausea and improve intake compared to large meals.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the left ventricle. The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the left atrium and pumps it to the rest of the body via the aorta. This chamber has thicker muscular walls compared to the right ventricle to generate enough force to propel blood throughout the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs but does not pump blood out to the body. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the right ventricle, which then pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the function of the heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). This procedure involves diverting blood flow around a blocked artery using a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body. It is the most effective treatment for severe coronary artery disease. Angioplasty (B) involves opening a blocked artery with a balloon, stent placement (C) involves inserting a mesh tube to keep an artery open, and valve replacement (D) is for replacing damaged heart valves, not restoring blood flow to the heart.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Notify the healthcare provider immediately. Visual disturbances can be a sign of serious side effects of amiodarone, such as optic neuropathy. Promptly notifying the healthcare provider allows for timely evaluation and appropriate management. Choice B is incorrect because visual disturbances with amiodarone are not common and should not be dismissed as such. Choice C is incorrect as self-monitoring may delay necessary medical intervention. Choice D is also incorrect as reducing physical activity does not address the underlying cause of visual disturbances and may not be necessary.