Which term refers to the ratio between the drugs therapeutic effects and its toxic effects?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Therapeutic index. The therapeutic index is the ratio between the drug's desired therapeutic effects and its toxic effects. It indicates the margin of safety of a drug. A: Cumulative effect refers to the increased potency or adverse effects of a drug when taken repeatedly. C: Tolerance is the decreasing response to a drug over time, requiring higher doses for the same effect. D: Affinity is the strength of binding between a drug and its target receptor, not directly related to the drug's therapeutic and toxic effects. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it specifically addresses the ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Macrolides. Macrolides bind to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. Erythromycin and azithromycin are examples of macrolide antibiotics. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. C: Aminoglycosides bind to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. D: Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae) because these are the most common bacterial pathogens causing ABRS. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common, followed by Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. These bacteria are typically found in the upper respiratory tract and can cause infection when there is inflammation or blockage of the sinuses. The other choices are incorrect because they are not commonly associated with ABRS. Choice A includes bacteria commonly found in urinary tract infections. Choice B includes bacteria associated with hospital-acquired infections. Choice D includes bacteria that are more commonly associated with atypical pneumonia rather than sinus infections.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Definition of agonist-antagonist opioid - It has both agonist (activates opioid receptors) and antagonist (blocks opioid receptors) properties. Step 2: Buprenorphine is a partial agonist opioid that activates and blocks opioid receptors. Step 3: Buprenorphine's agonist activity treats pain, while its antagonist activity reduces abuse potential. Step 4: Diprenorphine, Naloxone, and Morphine do not have both agonist and antagonist properties. Summary: Diprenorphine is a pure antagonist, Naloxone is a pure antagonist, and Morphine is a pure agonist, making them different from the agonist-antagonist opioid, Buprenorphine.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nausea and/or vomiting are common side effects of therapy. Liraglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes. The side effects of liraglutide often include gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and vomiting. This side effect is commonly seen in patients initiating liraglutide therapy. Choices A and D are incorrect as liraglutide should not be stored in the refrigerator or freezer before use, and it is administered subcutaneously, not intramuscularly into the upper arm. Choice B is incorrect as Bydureon is a brand name for exenatide, not liraglutide.