Which symptom is NOT typically associated with anaphylaxis?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: T cell apoptosis. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that involves a rapid immune response. T cell apoptosis is not a typical symptom of anaphylaxis. Rationale: 1. A: Sudden drop in blood pressure is associated with anaphylaxis due to systemic vasodilation. 2. B: Massive edema is common in anaphylaxis due to increased vascular permeability. 3. C: Severe bronchoconstriction is a hallmark of anaphylaxis, leading to respiratory distress. 4. D: T cell apoptosis is not a characteristic feature of anaphylaxis. T cells play a role in adaptive immunity, not the immediate hypersensitivity reaction seen in anaphylaxis. Summary: T cell apoptosis is not typically associated with anaphylaxis, unlike the other symptoms listed which are common manifestations of this severe allergic reaction.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because abruptly stopping prednisone can lead to adrenal insufficiency due to suppression of the body's natural cortisol production. Adrenal insufficiency can be life-threatening. Priority is given to this information to ensure the client's safety. Choice A is incorrect as jitteriness or nervousness are common side effects but not the priority. Choice B is incorrect as sodium and fluid retention are potential side effects but not as critical as avoiding adrenal insufficiency. Choice C is incorrect as fat redistribution is a long-term effect but not as immediate as the risk of adrenal insufficiency.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vasculitis. Vasculitis is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and can lead to serious organ damage and even death. In SLE, inflammation affects blood vessels, leading to vasculitis which can cause tissue damage and impaired blood flow. While infections, cardiovascular impairment, and chronic kidney disease are also common causes of mortality in SLE patients, vasculitis is specifically associated with the disease and its complications. Infections can occur due to the immune system's weakened response, cardiovascular issues can arise from inflammation and damage to the heart and blood vessels, and chronic kidney disease can develop due to immune complex deposition in the kidneys. However, vasculitis is the most directly linked cause of death in SLE patients due to its impact on multiple organ systems.

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: In the context of the basic immune system and T cell activation, the correct answer is B) CD4/MHC II or CD8/MHC I. Signal 2 during activation of naïve T cells involves the interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on antigen-presenting cells. CD4 interacts with MHC II, while CD8 interacts with MHC I, depending on whether the T cell is a helper T cell or a cytotoxic T cell, respectively. This interaction is crucial for T cell activation and differentiation into effector cells. Option A) L-Selectin/PNAD is not involved in signal 2 during T cell activation. L-Selectin is important for T cell homing to lymphoid organs but not for the initial activation of naïve T cells. Option C) TCR/MHC I or TCR/MHC II is partially correct in that the TCR does interact with MHC molecules, but the specific co-receptors CD4 and CD8 play a more direct role in mediating signal 2. Option D) TCR/CD3 is incorrect as CD3 is a component of the TCR complex and is involved in signal transduction upon TCR engagement with MHC, but it is not the primary interaction responsible for signal 2 during T cell activation. Understanding the molecular interactions involved in T cell activation is fundamental to comprehending how the immune system responds to pathogens and maintains homeostasis within the body. Mastering these concepts is essential for students pursuing careers in immunology, microbiology, medicine, or related fields.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sex bias observed with males more at risk of developing the disease. This statement is NOT true because MS actually has a sex bias towards females, with women being more at risk. This is due to hormonal, genetic, and immunological factors. The other choices are true: B is correct as MS is more common in northern regions, possibly due to environmental factors; C is correct since MS is characterized by demyelination of neurons leading to various symptoms; and D is correct as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model often used to study MS, induced by injecting myelin components to trigger an immune response.