Which step of the management process is concerned with Policy making and Stating the goals and objective of the institution?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of the management process in pharmacology, the step concerned with policy making and stating the goals and objectives of the institution is "Directing" (Option C). Directing involves providing guidance, instructions, and leadership to achieve the established goals and objectives. This step is crucial in ensuring that all activities are aligned with the overarching vision of the institution. Option A, "Planning," focuses on setting objectives, determining resources needed, and establishing the course of action. While planning is vital, it precedes the step of directing. Option B, "Organizing," involves coordinating resources and tasks to achieve the set goals. It deals with structuring the organization but does not directly address policy making and goal setting. Option D, "Controlling," involves monitoring performance, comparing it with the set standards, and initiating corrective actions. While important for evaluating progress, it does not encompass policy making or goal setting. In the field of pharmacology, understanding the management process is essential for ensuring effective delivery of healthcare services. Directing plays a pivotal role in aligning the efforts of healthcare professionals towards achieving the institution's goals and objectives, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and organizational success.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and research, the correct answer is B) Basic research. Basic research is conducted to expand knowledge and understanding of a subject without specific application in mind. In the case of pharmacology, basic research helps scientists uncover fundamental principles of drug action, which can then be applied in practical settings through applied research. Option A) Pure research is a term often used interchangeably with basic research. However, in the context of the question, basic research more specifically aligns with the process of exploring and expanding knowledge for knowledge's sake. Option C) Applied research, on the other hand, involves utilizing existing knowledge to solve practical problems. While this type of research is crucial for developing new drugs and treatments, it is not the primary focus of the question about technological innovations to improve human life. Option D) Experimental research is a broad category that can encompass both basic and applied research. It involves conducting experiments to test hypotheses and gather data, but it does not specifically address the core purpose of improving human life through technological advancements. In an educational context, understanding the distinctions between types of research is vital for students in pharmacology. Basic research forms the foundation upon which applied research builds, leading to advancements in drug development and patient care. By grasping these concepts, students can appreciate the significance of research in driving innovation and improving healthcare outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Prudence. Prudence refers to the ability to make sound judgments and decisions based on careful thought and consideration of possible consequences. By raising the side rails of a confused and disoriented patient, the nurse is demonstrating prudence by taking proactive measures to ensure the safety and well-being of the patient. Option A) Autonomy refers to the right to make one's own decisions and choices. While it is important in nursing practice, in this situation, the nurse is not promoting the patient's autonomy but rather ensuring their safety. Option B) Responsibility is the accountability for one's actions and duties. While it is essential for nurses to be responsible, it does not directly relate to the specific action of raising side rails for a confused patient. Option D) Resourcefulness is the ability to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties. While resourcefulness is a valuable trait in nursing practice, it is not the most applicable in this context where patient safety is the primary concern. Educationally, understanding the concept of prudence in nursing practice is crucial for providing safe and effective care to patients, especially those who are confused or disoriented. Nurses must constantly evaluate situations, anticipate risks, and take proactive measures to prevent harm and promote patient well-being. This question highlights the importance of critical thinking and quick decision-making in nursing practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, accountability is crucial for safe and effective patient care. Choosing option A, "Accountable," as the correct answer is appropriate because accountability in nursing means taking responsibility for one's actions, decisions, and their outcomes. Nurses must be able to justify and explain their actions to ensure patient safety and quality care. Being accountable fosters trust with patients, colleagues, and the healthcare team. Option B, "Responsible," is not the best choice because while responsibility is important, it does not encompass the same level of answerability and ownership as accountability. Responsibility refers to duties and tasks assigned to an individual, whereas accountability involves answerability and explanation for those duties and tasks. Options C and D, "Critical thinker" and "Assertive," are not directly related to the concept of accountability. While critical thinking and assertiveness are valuable skills in nursing practice, they do not specifically address the notion of being answerable for one's actions and decisions, which is the central theme of the question. Educationally, understanding the importance of accountability in nursing practice is fundamental for pharmacology students. It ensures that students grasp the significance of owning their decisions and actions in providing safe and effective patient care. By choosing the correct answer, students reinforce the value of being accountable as a professional nurse.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacology, the administration of subcutaneous injections is crucial for drug delivery. When injecting a subcutaneous injection in an obese patient, it should be angled at 90° (option B). The rationale behind this is that in obese individuals, there is typically a thicker layer of adipose tissue beneath the skin. An injection angle of 90° ensures that the medication is delivered into the subcutaneous layer, avoiding intramuscular injections which can be painful and lead to improper absorption of the medication. Option A (45°) is not ideal for obese patients as it may not reach the subcutaneous layer effectively due to the increased thickness of the adipose tissue. Option C (180°) is not recommended as it would be too deep and could potentially reach the muscle layer. Option D (parallel to the skin) is also not suitable as it may result in the medication being deposited in the skin rather than the subcutaneous tissue. Educationally, understanding the correct technique for subcutaneous injections in different patient populations, such as obese individuals, is essential for nurses and healthcare professionals to ensure safe and effective medication administration. It helps in preventing complications, optimizing drug absorption, and ensuring patient comfort and compliance.