Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because informed consent requires the registered nurse (RN) to communicate all necessary information to the patient so they can make an informed decision. This includes explaining the procedure, potential risks, benefits, alternatives, and any other pertinent information. The RN plays a crucial role in ensuring that the patient understands the information provided before giving consent. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because informed consent is not solely mandated by federal law, must disclose risks as well as benefits, and should not involve concealing any known risks.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Columbia Teachers College. This institution was the first to offer nursing graduates a baccalaureate degree, pioneering the advancement of nursing education. Columbia Teachers College had a dedicated nursing program that emphasized academic and clinical training, setting the standard for future nursing education. Explanation: A: Columbia Teachers College - Correct. Pioneered baccalaureate degree for nursing graduates. B: Yale University - Incorrect. Not historically known for offering the first baccalaureate degree in nursing. C: Harvard University - Incorrect. Focused on medical education, not nursing, at the time. D: New York Regents Program - Incorrect. Not a university and did not offer baccalaureate degrees in nursing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ask to observe the skill as it is being performed; then perform it under direct supervision. This approach allows the novice nurse to learn through observation and hands-on practice under direct supervision, ensuring proper technique and safety. By observing the skill first, the nurse can understand the correct steps and potential challenges. Performing the skill under supervision provides real-time feedback and guidance. This method promotes active learning and confidence-building. Rationale for incorrect choices: A: Reading the procedure manual is helpful but may not provide the necessary hands-on experience and immediate feedback required for skill acquisition. B: Practicing in a skills laboratory can be beneficial, but it may not offer the opportunity for direct supervision and feedback from experienced professionals. D: Trying to remember from a previous simulation may not be reliable and lacks the real-time guidance and correction needed for skill mastery.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because in a universal health care system, one universal payer (often the government) is responsible for covering all health care expenses for all citizens. This means that everyone, regardless of income or eligibility, is covered under the same system. Choice B is incorrect because a single-payer system does not necessarily limit health care access based on income; it simply means there is one entity responsible for paying health care costs. Choice C is incorrect because single-payer systems do not rely on insurance companies to pay fees; instead, the single payer itself covers the costs directly. Choice D is incorrect because it does not specify that the one payer in a universal health care system is usually the government, which is a key distinction in this context.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: clinical pathways. Clinical pathways are structured, evidence-based plans of care that outline the expected recovery milestones and interventions for a specific condition or procedure. By following a clinical pathway, nurses can effectively plan care and monitor progress based on established guidelines. Patient classification systems (A) categorize patients based on acuity levels, not recovery milestones. Functional nursing (C) involves delegating specific tasks to different staff members. Case management (D) focuses on coordinating care across multiple providers, not specifically on recovery milestones.