Which statement is NOT true of the skin and body temperature?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. In a cold environment, vasoconstriction in the dermis does not keep the skin warm. Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the skin, which actually decreases heat loss and helps conserve body heat. This is a physiological response to cold temperatures to maintain core body temperature. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they accurately describe the functions of the skin and body temperature regulation. Vasodilation in the dermis promotes heat loss in a warm environment, eccrine glands increase sweat secretion as environmental temperature rises to cool the body through evaporation, and pilomotor muscles contract to provide insulation by trapping air close to the skin in cold conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 8,400 mL. The Parkland/Baxter formula for fluid resuscitation in burn patients is 4 mL x %TBSA x weight in kg. In this case, it would be 4 mL x 60% x 70 kg = 1,680 mL for the first 8 hours. Since the burn occurred at 10:00 AM, by 6:00 PM, 8 hours have passed. Therefore, the total amount of lactated Ringer solution to be infused by 6:00 PM would be 1,680 mL x 5 = 8,400 mL. Choice A (5,200 mL) is incorrect as it does not take into account the correct formula for fluid resuscitation in burn patients. Choice B (7,470 mL) is incorrect as it is not the total amount of fluid needed based on the Parkland/Baxter formula. Choice D (16,800 mL) is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because administering PCA allows the client to self-administer pain medication within predetermined safety limits, promoting autonomy and timely pain relief. Choice B is incorrect as the amount of medication is preset by healthcare providers to prevent overdose. Choice C is incorrect as PCA involves controlled, consistent dosages. Choice D is incorrect as the nurse still monitors the client's pain levels and response to medication despite self-administration.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, the indirect immunofluorescence test. This test is used to detect autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus by analyzing blood samples for specific autoantibodies. It helps identify antibodies that target the body's tissues, a hallmark of lupus. A, the patch test, is used to evaluate allergic dermatitis and photoallergic reactions, not for diagnosing lupus. B, the photo patch test, is specific for identifying allergic reactions to light exposure, not lupus. C, the direct immunofluorescence test is more commonly used to diagnose skin conditions like pemphigus vulgaris, not systemic lupus erythematosus.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Brain. The brain is located in the cranial cavity, which is the part of the skull that houses the brain. It is protected by the skull bones and plays a central role in controlling various bodily functions. The thymus (A) is located in the chest, the liver (B) is located in the abdominal cavity, and the parathyroid gland (D) is located in the neck. Therefore, the brain is the only organ among the options that is situated in the cranial cavity.