Which statement accurately describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Adequate blood flow is essential for GFR as it ensures efficient filtration of blood in the glomerulus. 2. Adequate hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus is needed to push filtrate into the tubules. 3. If blood flow or hydrostatic pressure is inadequate, GFR will decrease. 4. Option A is incorrect as GFR primarily filters blood, not excretes waste products. 5. Option B is incorrect as increased permeability in the glomerulus leads to protein loss, not decreased. 6. Option D is incorrect as prostaglandins causing vasodilation would increase, not decrease, GFR. Summary: The correct answer is C because GFR is primarily dependent on adequate blood flow and hydrostatic pressure. Other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the factors affecting GFR.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Pain with bladder filling that is transiently relieved by urination is a classic symptom of interstitial cystitis. This pattern of pain is due to inflammation of the bladder lining, which worsens as the bladder fills with urine and improves temporarily after urination. This finding is specific to interstitial cystitis and not typically seen in other conditions. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect: A: Residual urine greater than 200 mL is more indicative of bladder outlet obstruction or neurogenic bladder dysfunction, not specifically interstitial cystitis. B: A large, atonic bladder on urodynamic testing is suggestive of neurogenic bladder or bladder outlet obstruction, not interstitial cystitis. C: A voiding pattern indicating psychogenic urinary retention is more likely related to psychological factors affecting bladder function, not interstitial cystitis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Severe, colicky back pain radiating to the groin. This type of pain is characteristic of renal colic caused by a renal calculus passing down the ureter. The sharp, severe pain originates in the flank and radiates to the groin as the stone moves. Choices A and D are incorrect because they do not describe the typical pain associated with renal colic. Choice B describes dull, costovertebral flank pain, which is not characteristic of the sharp, severe colicky pain seen in renal colic. Therefore, option C is the most appropriate response based on the typical presentation of a patient with a renal calculus passing down the ureter.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because prerenal oliguria is typically characterized by a low specific gravity in urine testing. This indicates that the kidneys are conserving water due to decreased blood flow or volume. Choices B and C are incorrect as they do not specifically relate to prerenal oliguria. Choice D is also incorrect as reversal of oliguria with fluid replacement is not specific to prerenal oliguria and can occur in other types of renal failure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer: C - Dextrose in a higher concentration than in the blood Rationale: 1. Dextrose in PD dialysate helps to create an osmotic gradient for fluid removal. 2. Higher dextrose concentration ensures effective ultrafiltration. 3. Dextrose is the main osmotic agent used in PD. 4. A higher concentration of dextrose in the dialysate aids in waste removal. Summary: A: Incorrect - Calcium concentration in dialysate is similar to blood to avoid imbalance. B: Incorrect - Sodium concentration is lower in dialysate to prevent sodium loading. D: Incorrect - Electrolyte concentration in dialysate is tailored to patient needs, not equal to blood.