Which stage of sleep is responsible for the incidence of dreams?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: REM sleep. During REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, brain activity is high and resembles waking patterns. This stage is associated with vivid dreams. Slow wave sleep (choice B) is deep, restorative sleep with minimal dreaming. Stage 2 NREM sleep (choice C) is a lighter sleep stage with occasional light dreaming. Option D is incorrect because only REM sleep is widely recognized as the stage most responsible for dreaming due to increased brain activity and vivid dreams.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because mu (μ) receptors are primarily associated with analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, and physical dependence. This is supported by pharmacological studies and clinical observations. Choice B is incorrect because mydriasis and sedation are not typically associated with mu receptors. Choice C is incorrect because dysphoria, hallucinations, and respiratory/vasomotor stimulation are more commonly linked to other receptor types. Choice D is incorrect because respiratory stimulation is not a typical effect of mu receptor activation. Overall, the key characteristics of mu receptors align with the effects listed in option A, making it the correct choice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Certainly! Fomepizol is the correct antidote for ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning as it inhibits the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, preventing the conversion of these toxic alcohols into their more harmful metabolites. Disulfiram (A) is used in alcohol aversion therapy, not for poisoning treatment. Naltrexone (C) is an opioid receptor antagonist used in alcohol dependence, not poisoning. Amphetamine (D) is a stimulant drug, not an antidote for poisoning. Thus, B is the correct choice for treating ethylene glycol and methanol poisonings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A: Correct. Clozapine has potent anticholinergic activity, leading to side effects like dry mouth and constipation. B: Incorrect. Clozapine has higher affinity for serotonin receptors than D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. C: Incorrect. Clozapine is known for low extrapyramidal side effects compared to typical antipsychotics. D: Incorrect. Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic, not related to typical antipsychotic agents.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Eleuterococci extract. Adaptogens are substances that help the body adapt to stress and promote balance. Eleutherococcus, also known as Siberian ginseng, is a well-known adaptogen commonly used as a stimulant in traditional medicine. Rationale: 1. Eleuterococci extract is a known adaptogen that helps the body cope with stress and fatigue. 2. Amphetamine and Sydnocarb are stimulant drugs but do not belong to the category of adaptogens. 3. Caffeine is a stimulant but does not qualify as a true adaptogen since it does not have the holistic stress-adapting properties of adaptogens. In summary, Eleuterococci extract is the correct choice as it aligns with the definition and properties of adaptogens, while the other choices lack the specific stress-adapting qualities required for adaptogens.