Which specific instruction should the nurse teach to assist a patient to regain control of her urinary sphincter?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Performing Kegel exercises strengthens the pelvic floor muscles, which can help improve urinary sphincter control. These exercises involve contracting and releasing the muscles that control urination. This instruction directly targets the issue of regaining control over the urinary sphincter. Choice B is nonsensical and irrelevant. Choice C, voiding every hour while awake, may not address the underlying muscle weakness causing the issue. Choice D is incomplete and does not provide any specific guidance on how to address the problem.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because interpreting medical findings requires a comprehensive understanding of the patient's full medical history, including family history. It is essential to consider all relevant information before making any conclusions or decisions. Options A and B provide oversimplified and potentially incorrect interpretations without considering the full context. Option D is extreme and unwarranted without a thorough evaluation. The correct approach is to gather more information to make an informed interpretation based on the individual patient's unique circumstances.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because lumpy areas on the upper outer quadrants of the breasts are characteristic of fibrocystic breast changes, which commonly cause increased tenderness before menses. This finding is important for differential diagnosis and management. Choice B is incorrect because the size of the areas is less relevant than the location and characteristics. Choice C is incorrect as it is not specific to the clinical presentation described. Choice D is incorrect because while an ultrasound may be used in assessing breast lumps, the initial step would be to identify the specific characteristics on physical examination.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gametes. Ova and sperm are reproductive cells involved in sexual reproduction. Gametes are specialized cells that combine during fertilization to form a new organism. They are distinct from gonads (A), which are the organs that produce gametes. Stem cells (C) are undifferentiated cells that can develop into various cell types, not specific to ova and sperm. Hormones (D) are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, not directly related to ova and sperm production.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: During the luteal phase, the corpus luteum forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone at high levels. Progesterone prepares the endometrium for implantation and maintains pregnancy. The proliferative phase (A) is characterized by estrogen dominance, preparing the endometrium for ovulation. The menstrual phase (B) involves shedding of the endometrium due to decreased hormone levels. The ovulatory phase (C) is marked by the release of the egg but not high progesterone levels. Thus, the correct answer is D as it aligns with the physiological events of the ovarian cycle.