Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. The nursing process consists of Assessment, Diagnosis, Outcome Identification, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. Assessment involves gathering data about the patient's health status. Diagnosis is the identification of the patient's health problems. Outcome Identification sets goals for resolving these problems. Planning involves developing a care plan. Implementation is the execution of the care plan. Evaluation assesses the effectiveness of the care provided. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect: A: Treatment and client outcome are not individual phases in the nursing process. B: Admission and discharge planning are not standalone phases in the nursing process. C: Expected outcome is not a phase, and assessment is missing from the sequence.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Assessing serum creatinine levels and GFR is crucial in monitoring kidney function in CKD patients. These tests provide information on the kidney's ability to filter waste products from the blood. Monitoring these levels helps in determining the stage of CKD and adjusting treatment plans accordingly. Blood glucose levels (B) are important in diabetes management but not the priority in CKD. Hemoglobin levels (C) are important for anemia assessment in CKD but not as critical as kidney function. Potassium levels (D) are important to monitor in CKD, but assessing kidney function takes precedence.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because taking insulin only when blood sugar is high is incorrect and can lead to dangerous complications. Step 1: Insulin should be taken as prescribed by the healthcare provider, not based solely on blood sugar levels. Step 2: Checking blood sugar regularly (A) is essential for diabetes management. Step 3: Eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly (C) are crucial for diabetes control. Step 4: Reporting signs of infection to the healthcare provider (D) is important due to diabetes-related complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Encouraging early ambulation. This is a priority intervention because early ambulation helps prevent complications such as blood clots and respiratory issues. It also promotes circulation and aids in the recovery process. Administering pain medication (B) is important but not the top priority. Providing wound care and dressing changes (C) is necessary but can be done after ensuring the patient's mobility. Monitoring for signs of infection (D) is also crucial, but promoting early ambulation takes precedence in this scenario to prevent complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because critical thinking helps nurses analyze complex situations, identify relevant information, and plan effective interventions. It allows for systematic problem-solving and decision-making, leading to optimal patient care outcomes. Choice A is incorrect as critical thinking doesn't guarantee immediate answers. Choice C is incorrect because critical thinking complements clinical guidelines rather than replacing them. Choice D is incorrect as physical assessments are essential in nursing care and critical thinking enhances, not bypasses, this process.