Which signs best indicate increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in an infant? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: High-pitched cry and sleeping more (original 5, here D) indicate ICP in infants, per pediatric texts. Sunken fontanel is dehydration; vision and appetite unfit infants. Cs signs (assuming D intended) make it correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The denticulate ligaments are thickening of the dura mater . The denticulate ligaments are extensions of the pia mater, not the dura mater, and they anchor the spinal cord to the dura. Choice A is correct as the pia mater adhertightly to the spinal cord. Choice C is true because the arachnoid mater libeneath and linthe inner surface of the dura mater. Choice D is accurate since the pia mater extends as the filum terminale to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx. Thus, B misattributthe denticulate ligaments to the dura instead of the pia, making it the incorrect statement and the correct answer for this question.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Denticulate ligaments are lateral extensions of the arachnoid mater , which is false. Denticulate ligaments are extensions of the pia mater, not arachnoid, anchoring the spinal cord to the dura. Choice A is true (sympathetic neurons are in the lateral horn, T1-L2). Choice B is correct (spinal cord ends at L1-L2 in adults). Choice D is accurate (31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal). Thus, C misattributthe denticulate ligaments to the arachnoid instead of the pia, making it the false statement and the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Posterolateral direction . Disc herniation most commonly occurs posterolaterally because the posterior longitudinal ligament, which reinforcthe disc posteriorly, is narrower and weaker laterally, allowing the nucleus pulposus to protrude toward the sidof the spinal canal, often compressing nerve roots. Choice A, Posteromedial, is less common due to the ligaments central strength. Choice B, Anteromedial, is rare as the anterior longitudinal ligament prevents anterior herniation. Choice C, Superior, is incorrect as herniations dont typically project upward. Thus, Posterolateral is the most frequent direction, making D the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Synapse in ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus . The lateral spinothalamic tract, carrying pain and temperature, synapsin the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus, not the ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus, which processfacial sensations via the trigeminal pathway. Choice A is correct (crossvia anterior white commissure). Choice B is true (projects widely to cortex). Choice D is accurate (pain and temperature). Thus, C misidentifithe thalamic nucleus, making it the wrong statement and the correct answer.