Which scientist is credited with the discovery of X-rays, and in what year did this discovery occur?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. Roentgen discovered X-rays by accident while experimenting with cathode rays. He noticed a glow from a nearby screen even though it was covered, leading to the discovery of X-rays. Marie Curie is known for her work on radioactivity, not X-rays. Thomas Edison is famous for inventing the light bulb and phonograph, not X-rays. Albert Einstein is known for his work on the theory of relativity, not the discovery of X-rays.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: The 'M' in the SAMPLE mnemonic stands for Medications, which focuses on the current and past medications the patient is taking. Step 2: Choice D, "I take Metformin for my diabetes," directly provides information about a medication the patient is currently taking. Step 3: This statement is relevant to the patient's medical history and helps in understanding their current health condition. Summary: Choice D is correct as it specifically addresses the patient's medication (Metformin for diabetes), while the other choices provide information related to headaches (A), allergies (B), and surgical history (C), which do not fall under the 'M' category for medications.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Trachea position. This is the key observation to prioritize during the neck examination because in a patient presenting with noticeable swelling in the neck area and difficulty breathing, a deviated trachea indicates a potential emergency situation such as a mediastinal mass or tension pneumothorax. Assessing the trachea position helps in identifying any life-threatening conditions that may be causing the respiratory distress. A: Thyroid fullness may indicate thyroid issues, but in this case, the focus should be on the trachea position due to the acute presentation of difficulty breathing. B: Pulsation may be relevant in other contexts but is not the priority when assessing a patient with difficulty breathing and neck swelling. C: Respiratory difficulty is already mentioned in the patient presentation, and the focus should be on identifying the cause of this difficulty, which is best assessed by evaluating the trachea position.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct diagnosis is C: Parkinson's disease. The symptoms of confusion, tremors, and bradykinesia are classic features of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement. The typical onset age aligns with the patient's age. Alzheimer's disease (A) primarily affects memory and cognition, Huntington's disease (B) presents with involuntary movements and cognitive decline, and Multiple sclerosis (D) involves the immune system attacking the central nervous system causing a variety of symptoms. Parkinson's is the most appropriate choice based on the symptom presentation and age of the patient.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lisinopril. Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor commonly prescribed for patients with hypertension and chronic kidney disease. It helps to reduce blood pressure and protect the kidneys by dilating blood vessels and improving blood flow. Furosemide (B) is a diuretic used to treat fluid retention but not specifically indicated for chronic kidney disease. Metoprolol (C) is a beta-blocker primarily used for heart conditions. Spironolactone (D) is a potassium-sparing diuretic and is not the first-line treatment for hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease.