Which scenario provides an example of a normative event that can increase the risk for illness?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because experimenting with recreational drugs is a normative event that can increase the risk for illness due to potential physical and mental health consequences. It involves a deliberate choice that has direct negative health impacts. In contrast, choices A, C, and D are not normative events that inherently increase the risk for illness. A motor vehicle accident and job loss are unpredictable events with potential negative consequences, but they are not normative in nature. Pregnancy is a natural life event that does not inherently increase the risk for illness unless there are specific complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Poverty. Poverty is a primary cause of vulnerability because it limits access to resources essential for well-being, such as healthcare, education, and housing. It can lead to food insecurity, inadequate living conditions, and lack of social support. This makes individuals more susceptible to various risks and challenges. Explanation for other choices: A: Breakdown of family structures - While family breakdown can contribute to vulnerability, it is not as universally prevalent or directly impactful as poverty in causing vulnerability. C: Prejudice - Prejudice can certainly exacerbate vulnerability by creating social barriers, but it is not the primary cause of vulnerability. D: Social isolation - Social isolation can increase vulnerability, but it is often a consequence of underlying factors such as poverty rather than the primary cause.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Primary prevention. This is because the after-school recreation program aims to prevent substance abuse before it occurs by promoting healthy activities. This aligns with primary prevention, which focuses on preventing the onset of health issues. Secondary prevention (B) involves early detection and treatment, while tertiary prevention (C) focuses on managing and minimizing the impact of existing health issues. Choice D is incorrect as the program primarily falls under primary prevention only.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Choice C: The most appropriate objective for community health nursing is to ensure a high immunization rate among children to prevent the spread of diseases. Immunization is a crucial public health intervention that protects individuals and the community. Achieving a high immunization rate, such as 95%, by age 1 is a specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goal that aligns with the core purpose of community health nursing. Rationale for why other choices are incorrect: A: This objective is not appropriate for community health nursing as it focuses on a specific medical intervention rather than a population-level public health goal. B: While nutrition counseling is important, this objective is not as critical for community health nursing as ensuring high immunization rates among children. D: This objective is vague and does not directly address a specific health issue or population group, making it less relevant for community health nursing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because seeking guidance from the supervisor is a step toward resolving the ethical dilemma, but the ultimate responsibility still lies with the CHN. Letting the supervisor decide does not absolve the CHN of accountability for the choice made. This option allows for further discussion and reflection, ensuring that the CHN remains engaged in the decision-making process. Choice A is incorrect because the supervisor is not solely responsible for the CHN's choices; the CHN must still take ownership of the decision. Choice B is incorrect as it assumes the supervisor has all the answers, overlooking the importance of the CHN's own critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Choice D is also incorrect as community priorities do not necessarily align with ethical decision-making in this context.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Veracity. Veracity refers to telling the truth, which is an essential ethical principle in healthcare. Nonmaleficence means to do no harm, Principlism is a moral framework based on principles, and Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall utility. Veracity is the only term directly related to truth-telling in this context.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: A baccalaureate degree in nursing. This level of educational preparation is essential for public health nurses due to the increasing complexity of societal needs and rapid changes in public health. A baccalaureate degree provides a strong foundation in nursing theory, research, leadership, and public health principles. It equips nurses with critical thinking skills, evidence-based practice, and the ability to adapt to evolving healthcare environments. Training as a registered practical nurse (Choice A) may not offer the depth of knowledge and skills needed for public health practice. While training as a registered nurse (Choice B) provides a broader scope, a baccalaureate degree offers a more comprehensive education. A master of science degree in nursing (Choice D) may be valuable for advanced practice roles but is not the minimum requirement for public health nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Questioning sexual orientation and history of depression are significant risk factors for suicide in adolescents. This indicates internal struggles and emotional distress. Choice A is incorrect as age alone is not a direct indicator of suicide risk. Choice C, threatening harm to peers, is concerning but does not directly relate to self-harm. Choice D, a history of torturing animals, is a sign of conduct disorder but not always indicative of suicidal ideation. In summary, questioning sexual orientation and history of depression are strong indicators of potential suicide risk in adolescents.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Migration and urbanization. Rationale: 1. Migration and urbanization led to overcrowded cities, resulting in a larger population needing care. 2. Urban areas lacked the close-knit community support found in rural settings, making it harder for families, friends, and neighbors to provide adequate care. 3. Increased mobility due to migration made it challenging for caregivers to stay connected with those in need of care, further straining caregiving approaches. Summary of other choices: A: Ongoing wars may have increased the need for caregiving but did not directly contribute to the inadequacy of caregiving approaches. B: Horrific plagues could have overwhelmed healthcare systems but did not address the changing dynamics of caregiving approaches. D: The need to pay caregivers is a different aspect of caregiving but did not directly contribute to the inadequacy of caregiving approaches during the Industrial Revolution.