Which scenario exemplifies the community health nurse's (CHN's) practice of secondary prevention to reduce environmental health risks?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because collecting blood specimens from preschool children to check for lead levels is an example of secondary prevention, which aims to detect and treat health problems early. This action helps identify children at risk for lead exposure and allows for early intervention to prevent further health issues. Choice B is incorrect because meeting with local government officials to request cleanup is more of a primary prevention strategy aimed at preventing exposure to environmental hazards in the first place. Choice C is incorrect as it involves tertiary prevention, focusing on treatment and management of existing health problems. Choice D is incorrect as it pertains to primary prevention by educating parents about lead exposure risks.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B can be prevented through immunization with a vaccine. The vaccine provides long-term protection against the virus. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and herpes are STIs that cannot be prevented through immunization. They are primarily transmitted through sexual contact and require other prevention methods such as safe sex practices and regular testing. Hepatitis B is the only STI in the list that has a vaccine available for prevention.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Providing respite and comfort measures before death. Hospice care focuses on providing comfort and support to terminally ill patients, emphasizing symptom management, pain relief, and emotional support. Respite care allows family caregivers a temporary break from their responsibilities. Choices A and B focus on specific aspects of care delivery and legal matters, not the fundamental philosophy of hospice. Choice C is incorrect as hospice care does not involve placing experts in the position of power of attorney; rather, it emphasizes patient-centered care and autonomy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Harm reduction. Harm reduction focuses on minimizing the negative consequences of risky behaviors rather than trying to eliminate them completely. It recognizes that certain behaviors may be difficult to prevent entirely and aims to reduce harm associated with those behaviors. Health promotion (A) focuses on promoting overall health and well-being rather than specifically addressing harmful behaviors. Tertiary care (C) refers to specialized medical care for individuals with complex healthcare needs and is not directly related to modifying behaviors. Risk avoidance (D) involves completely avoiding risky behaviors rather than mitigating their potential harm.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Primary prevention. This action falls under primary prevention because it aims to prevent the occurrence of type 2 diabetes in Indigenous peoples by promoting healthy eating habits through culturally sensitive foods. By incorporating familiar and healthy dishes into the nutrition class, the community health nurse is focusing on preventing the development of the disease before it occurs. This approach addresses the underlying risk factors for diabetes, such as poor diet, in a proactive manner. Summary of other choices: B: Secondary prevention involves early detection and treatment of a disease to prevent complications. This action does not focus on early detection but rather on prevention. C: Tertiary prevention focuses on managing complications and improving quality of life for those already diagnosed with a disease. This action is aimed at preventing diabetes rather than managing its complications. D: This action is primarily focused on preventing the occurrence of type 2 diabetes before it develops, making it more aligned with primary prevention than secondary prevention.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Affiliation with a church or congregation. Parish nursing specifically involves nurses who work within a religious community, providing health services and support to members of that congregation. This affiliation with a church or congregation is the main distinguishing factor between parish nursing and other fields of nursing. B, C, and D may also be aspects of parish nursing, but they are not the main difference that sets it apart from other fields of nursing. B focuses on incorporating spiritual aspects into care, which can be present in various nursing specialties. C, holistic care, is a common approach in nursing that aims to address the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs of patients. D, residence within the community, is important for community-based nursing but is not unique to parish nursing.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Performing. In the performing stage, the group is highly cohesive, focused on achieving its goals, and effectively working together. This stage is characterized by a high level of trust, open communication, and collaboration among group members. The sharing of ideas in a supportive group environment aligns with the characteristics of the performing stage. A: Forming is the initial stage where members are getting to know each other. B: Storming is characterized by conflicts and disagreements as members establish their roles. C: Norming is when the group resolves conflicts and establishes norms and cohesion, but it's not focused on group work efficiency like the performing stage.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Choice C: The most appropriate objective for community health nursing is to ensure a high immunization rate among children to prevent the spread of diseases. Immunization is a crucial public health intervention that protects individuals and the community. Achieving a high immunization rate, such as 95%, by age 1 is a specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goal that aligns with the core purpose of community health nursing. Rationale for why other choices are incorrect: A: This objective is not appropriate for community health nursing as it focuses on a specific medical intervention rather than a population-level public health goal. B: While nutrition counseling is important, this objective is not as critical for community health nursing as ensuring high immunization rates among children. D: This objective is vague and does not directly address a specific health issue or population group, making it less relevant for community health nursing.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The web of causality. This model best explains the complex interactions among agent, host, and environmental factors contributing to the increased disease risk in homeless individuals. It emphasizes the interconnectedness and multifactorial nature of health outcomes. Rationale: 1. The web of causality considers the interplay of various factors, such as social determinants of health, living conditions, access to healthcare, and individual behaviors, which collectively influence health outcomes in homeless populations. 2. This model recognizes the dynamic and non-linear relationships between different factors, illustrating how a combination of biological, social, and environmental elements can contribute to disease vulnerability. 3. In contrast, the epidemiological triangle primarily focuses on the relationship between the agent, host, and environment in causing specific diseases, overlooking the broader systemic factors affecting homeless individuals' health. 4. The levels of prevention framework and the Health Promotion Model are more focused on intervention strategies and individual behavior change, rather than capturing the complexity and interconnected