Which public health service best represents primary prevention?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because developing a health education program about the dangers of smoking is an example of primary prevention, which aims to prevent the occurrence of a disease or injury before it occurs. This intervention targets the root cause of the health issue by educating individuals on the harmful effects of smoking and promoting healthy behaviors to reduce the risk of developing smoking-related diseases. Choices B, C, and D represent secondary or tertiary prevention strategies as they focus on providing care or interventions after the disease has already developed or to prevent complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because early visiting nurses were successful due to the more economical care they provided to families. Visiting nurses offered cost-effective healthcare services, making them accessible to a wider population. This affordability factor contributed to their success in providing care to those in need. Choice A is incorrect because early visiting nurses did not necessarily serve as a model for all later hospitals. Choice C is incorrect as the success of visiting nurses was not solely dependent on a role model like Edna Moore. Choice D is incorrect because the success of visiting nurses was not primarily attributed to a publicity campaign by health departments.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the main reason for the brief existence of the nurse practitioner–model educational program was the need for nursing expertise and skills in other practice settings. This is supported by the fact that nurse practitioners were developed to address the gap in healthcare services by providing advanced nursing care in various settings. They were trained to deliver high-quality care, fill the need for primary care providers, and improve access to healthcare services. A: Inadequate assessment and planning in the local area is not the main reason for the brief existence of the program. B: Insufficient provincial/territorial funding may have been a contributing factor, but it was not the main reason. C: The large number of primary care physicians practising in urban areas is not directly related to the existence of the nurse practitioner-model educational program.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because teaching handwashing to elementary school children is a primary prevention activity that aims to decrease the incidence of communicable diseases by preventing the spread of germs. This strategy targets the general population before any disease occurrence, focusing on promoting good hygiene practices. A, identifying and treating clients in a clinic for STIs, is a secondary prevention activity as it involves early detection and treatment after the disease has already occurred. C, providing case management services, is a tertiary prevention activity that focuses on managing and reducing the impact of the disease on individuals already affected. D, providing DOT to clients with active TB, is a secondary prevention activity that involves treatment and monitoring of individuals already infected to prevent further transmission.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: Outpost nursing involves providing care to underserved populations in remote or hard-to-reach areas, like people living on the streets or in shelters. Step 2: This type of nursing focuses on meeting the healthcare needs of individuals where they are, rather than in traditional healthcare settings. Step 3: Outpost nursing aligns with the scenario of providing end-of-life care to those unable to access traditional healthcare facilities. Step 4: Community-oriented nursing focuses on improving overall health of a community, not specific end-of-life care. Step 5: Home health nursing involves providing care in a patient's home, not necessarily for individuals living on the streets or in shelters. Step 6: Private duty nursing involves providing one-on-one care to an individual in a private setting, which does not apply to the scenario provided. Summary: Outpost nursing is the best classification as it aligns with providing care to underserved populations in non-traditional settings, while the other choices