Which public health initiative, launched in the 21st century, focuses on improving global health through the achievement of health-related goals by 2030?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These goals were launched in the 21st century to address various global challenges, including health, by 2030. They aim to improve global health by focusing on a wide range of interconnected issues such as poverty, inequality, education, and climate change. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Millennium Development Goals were a set of targets for developing countries established in 2000, not specifically focused on health. B: The Global Health Security Agenda focuses on strengthening global health security to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats, not achieving broader health-related goals. D: The Healthy People 2030 Initiative is a US-based initiative aimed at setting national health objectives, not global health goals.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Clean Air Act. This legislation, passed in 1970, aimed to regulate air pollution from industrial sources. It set standards for emissions and established the Environmental Protection Agency to enforce these regulations. The Clean Water Act (B) focuses on water pollution, not air quality. The Environmental Protection Agency Act (C) created the EPA but did not specifically target air pollution. The National Health Service Act (D) is unrelated to regulating industrial pollution. In conclusion, the Clean Air Act is the most relevant choice as it directly addresses improving air quality through industrial pollution regulations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Improvement of water and sewage systems. In the 1800s, the understanding of cholera transmission through contaminated water was gaining recognition. Improving water and sewage systems helped prevent the spread of cholera by providing clean water and proper sanitation. The establishment of the CDC (A) occurred much later in the 20th century and focuses on disease control and prevention in general. The use of antibiotics for cholera treatment (C) is not effective against cholera as it is caused by a bacterium that produces a toxin. The development of the cholera vaccine (D) also came later and is not a historical measure from the 1800s.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The elimination of polio. In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eliminate polio worldwide. This initiative set a major public health goal to eradicate polio, not just control it. Polio eradication has been a key focus of WHO's efforts, with significant progress made since then. A: The eradication of tuberculosis - While tuberculosis is a major public health concern, the specific goal established by WHO in 1988 was the elimination of polio, not tuberculosis. C: The global elimination of malaria - Malaria is another significant public health issue, but the WHO's major goal in 1988 was focused on polio eradication, not malaria elimination. D: The promotion of universal healthcare - While universal healthcare is an important public health goal, it was not the specific goal established by WHO in 1988. The focus at that time was on the eradication of polio

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The introduction of prenatal care programs. Prenatal care programs provide essential healthcare services to pregnant women, ensuring early detection and management of potential complications, leading to improved maternal and infant health outcomes. This achievement directly addresses the root causes of maternal and infant mortality by promoting regular check-ups, monitoring fetal development, and providing education on healthy practices during pregnancy. In contrast, options B, C, and D focus on different aspects of healthcare but do not directly address the specific needs of pregnant women and infants, making them less likely to significantly reduce maternal and infant mortality rates.