Which public health initiative, launched in the 1960s, aimed to reduce smoking-related diseases and promote healthy lifestyles?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. The Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health was released in 1964 and played a crucial role in raising awareness about the dangers of smoking. It led to policies and interventions to reduce smoking rates and improve public health. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Healthy People initiative is a more recent program focused on setting national health objectives. B: The National Cancer Act primarily focused on cancer research and treatment, not specifically on reducing smoking-related diseases. C: The Great American Smokeout is an annual event started in the 1970s to encourage smokers to quit, but it is not the public health initiative launched in the 1960s.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1955. In that year, the United States officially declared the goal of eradicating polio with the establishment of the Salk polio vaccine. This marked a significant milestone in the fight against polio. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the specific declaration to eradicate polio did not occur in those years. In 1940, efforts were underway but the official declaration was not made. In 1963, the oral polio vaccine was licensed, and in 1988, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched, but the specific goal of eradication was not officially declared in those years.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Improvement of water and waste disposal systems. The sanitation movement in the 19th century focused on improving public health by implementing better water and waste disposal systems. This helped reduce the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Smallpox vaccination (A) was not directly related to the sanitation movement. Antibiotics (B) were developed later in the 20th century and were not a major focus of the sanitation movement. The creation of the World Health Organization (D) occurred in the 20th century and was not a direct outcome of the sanitation movement.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Joseph Lister. Joseph Lister is known for pioneering the use of antiseptics in surgery by introducing carbolic acid as a disinfectant to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds. His work significantly reduced post-operative infections. Edward Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine, not antiseptics. Louis Pasteur is known for pasteurization and germ theory, not specifically for antiseptics in surgery. Ignaz Semmelweis discovered the importance of handwashing in preventing infections, but he did not pioneer the use of antiseptics in surgery like Joseph Lister did.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The founding of the World Health Organization (WHO). In 1948, WHO was established as a specialized agency of the United Nations, dedicated to promoting global health. The creation of WHO marked a major milestone in global health efforts because it provided a platform for international cooperation, coordination, and advocacy on health issues. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The creation of the United Nations in 1945 focused on international peace and security, not specifically on global health. C: The introduction of the polio vaccine occurred in 1955 by Jonas Salk, which was a significant event but happened after 1948. D: The Health for All Declaration was adopted by WHO in 1978, emphasizing the goal of achieving health for all by the year 2000, making it not the correct answer for the international event in 1948.