Which property is classified as colligative?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Osmotic pressure (B) is a colligative property, depending on the number of solute particles in solution, not their identity (e.g., NaCl in IV fluids). Solubility (A) is a chemical property, varying with solute type. H⁺ concentration (C) defines pH, not colligative. Dissociation (D) affects particle number but isn't the property itself. Miscibility (original E) is unrelated. Colligative properties (osmotic pressure, boiling/freezing point changes) are critical in pharmacokinetics, influencing drug formulation and tonicity, ensuring compatibility with biological fluids.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Waxed paper (A) best protects hygroscopic powders (e.g., sodium chloride), its water-resistant coating preventing moisture absorption. Glassine (B) is grease-resistant, less moisture-proof. White bond (C) and blue bond (D) are absorbent, unsuitable. Vegetable parchment (original E) offers some resistance but less than wax. This barrier property maintains powder stability, critical in dispensing hygroscopic drugs, preventing clumping or degradation, ensuring accurate dosing and shelf life in humid conditions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Excessive moisture (A) is the most likely reason for picking (1) in tablet granulation, where wet granules stick to punches, causing defects. Entrapment of air (B) causes capping (3), splitting tablets. Tablet friability (C) reflects poor binding, not moisture. Degraded drug (D) affects potency, not physical defects like mottling (2) or sticking (4). Option E (original) about hardness is unrelated. Moisture control during granulation ensures tablet integrity, a key manufacturing challenge impacting quality and patient safety.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The Noyes-Whitney equation (D), dC/dt = kA(Cs - C), describes the rate of drug dissolution from a tablet, factoring surface area (A), solubility (Cs), and concentration (C), key in bioavailability (e.g., aspirin tablets). Fick's law (A) governs diffusion across membranes. Henderson-Hasselbalch (B) calculates pH-ionization. Law of mass action (C) is chemical equilibrium. Michaelis-Menten (original E) is enzyme kinetics. This equation guides formulation (e.g., particle size reduction), ensuring rapid dissolution for absorption, critical in solid dosage design.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The loading dose (D_L) is based on the apparent volume of distribution (V_D) and desired plasma concentration (D), calculated as D_L = V_D × C_p, ensuring rapid therapeutic levels (e.g., digoxin). Clearance (A) affects maintenance, not loading. Protein binding (B) and urinary excretion (C) influence free drug but aren't primary. AUC (original E) is outcome-based. V_D reflects tissue distribution, critical for initial dosing in drugs with large V_D, balancing speed and safety.