Which procedure is used to remove excess fluid or air from the pleural space, helping to relieve pressure on the lungs?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Thoracentesis is the correct procedure for removing excess fluid or air from the pleural space. It involves inserting a needle through the chest wall to drain the fluid or air, relieving pressure on the lungs. Bronchoscopy is used to visualize the airways, not remove fluid or air. Chest X-ray is a diagnostic tool for assessing the lungs but does not remove fluid or air. Arterial blood gas (ABG) is a test to assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, not a procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pulmonary embolism. A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks an artery, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath and chest pain. This happens because the clot obstructs blood flow to the lung tissue, causing a decrease in oxygen levels. The other choices, B: Pneumothorax, C: Pleural effusion, and D: Aneurysm, do not involve a blood clot blocking an artery in the lungs. Pneumothorax is a collapsed lung due to air in the chest cavity, Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and chest wall, and an Aneurysm is a bulging and weakened blood vessel.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Give Digibind as an antidote. Digibind is the specific antidote for severe digoxin toxicity. It works by binding to the excess digoxin in the body, preventing it from exerting its toxic effects. This action helps to rapidly reduce the digoxin levels in the body and reverse the toxicity. Checking the potassium level (choice A) is important but not the priority when the client is experiencing severe toxicity. Changing the dosing of digoxin (choice C) or administering a potassium supplement (choice D) would not address the immediate need to counteract the toxicity. The priority is to administer Digibind to quickly neutralize the digoxin and prevent further harm.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: This is a normal side effect of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that relaxes blood vessels, including those in the head, leading to headaches. The nurse should explain that this is a common and expected side effect of the medication. B: This is incorrect because a headache from nitroglycerin is not indicative of an allergic reaction. C: This is incorrect as a headache is not typically a sign of overdose with nitroglycerin. D: This is incorrect as a headache from nitroglycerin is not specifically linked to heart failure.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Decreased blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers inhibit the entry of calcium into cardiac muscle cells, leading to relaxation of blood vessels and decreased cardiac contractility. This results in vasodilation and decreased cardiac output, ultimately lowering blood pressure. Choice A is incorrect as calcium channel blockers typically lead to decreased heart rate due to reduced contractility. Choice B is incorrect as calcium channel blockers do not increase heart rate. Choice C is incorrect as the vasodilatory effect of calcium channel blockers typically leads to decreased blood pressure, not increased.