Which primary prevention strategy will the nurse include in a community program on the prevention of hepatitis C?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because sharing needles, syringes, or other equipment contaminated with blood is a known risk factor for hepatitis C transmission. By instructing individuals to avoid sharing such equipment, the nurse is addressing a direct route of transmission and promoting a key preventive measure. A is incorrect as it focuses on screening after potential exposure, not primary prevention. B is important for general hygiene but not specific to hepatitis C prevention. C is not directly related to preventing hepatitis C transmission through blood contact. In summary, choice D is the most effective primary prevention strategy for hepatitis C as it directly addresses a common mode of transmission.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Florence Nightingale demonstrated that a safer environment resulted in decreased mortality rates through her work during the Crimean War. Step 2: As an epidemiologist, she focused on preventing and controlling diseases within populations. Step 3: By improving sanitation, ventilation, and hygiene practices in hospitals, Nightingale reduced the spread of infections. Step 4: This approach aligns with the core principles of epidemiology, which aim to identify and address factors that influence the health of populations. Step 5: Other choices are incorrect as they do not directly relate to epidemiological practices. Choice A focuses on nursing care, while Choice D addresses improving living conditions but not specifically related to epidemiology. Summary: Florence Nightingale's demonstration of the impact of a safer environment on mortality rates exemplifies her role as an epidemiologist, aligning with the principles of preventing and controlling diseases within populations. Other choices lack this direct connection to epidemiological practices.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because in epidemiology, proportions should have the numerator included in the denominator. In this case, the total number of gonorrhea cases should be included in the total number of STIs to accurately represent the proportion. Choice B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the basic principle of proportion in epidemiological analysis. Choice B does not address the inclusion of the numerator in the denominator. Choices C and D are not relevant to the concept of proportion in this context.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Highlight the urgency - "An epidemic of diabetes is now recognized" emphasizes the seriousness and scale of the issue, indicating a pressing need for action. Step 2: Emphasize impact - By acknowledging the epidemic, the health board can see the potential consequences on public health, motivating them to allocate more resources. Step 3: Address solutions - The term "must be addressed" suggests a call to action, conveying the necessity of increased funding for diabetic clinics to effectively manage and prevent further spread of diabetes. Summary: - Choice A is correct as it effectively conveys the urgency, impact, and necessity of addressing the diabetes epidemic. - Choices C and D are incorrect as they only state that the incidence or prevalence of diabetes is higher without emphasizing the urgent need for action. - Choice B is incomplete and lacks the critical information required to persuade the health board to increase funding.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Web of causality. This model considers multiple factors interacting and contributing to disease causation. It emphasizes the complexity and interconnectedness of various determinants of health. The epidemiologic triangle (B) focuses on agent, host, and environment in disease transmission, not causation. Health promotion (C) involves strategies to improve health behaviors and outcomes, not disease causation. In summary, the Web of causality model is the most appropriate choice as it comprehensively examines the multifactorial nature of disease etiology.