Which preventative measure would be included as primary prevention of osteoporosis in women?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D. Calcium and vitamin D are essential for bone health, helping to build and maintain strong bones, thus preventing osteoporosis. Calcium is a key component of bone structure, while vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium. This preventative measure directly targets the root cause of osteoporosis by ensuring the body has the necessary nutrients for bone strength. Choice B, exposure to sunlight, while important for vitamin D synthesis, is not as effective as dietary sources for meeting the body's requirements. Choice C, exercise, is beneficial for overall health but primarily falls under secondary prevention by helping to maintain bone density once it has already been established. Choice D, weight control, does not directly address the nutritional needs for bone health as in choice A.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Deontological ethics. Deontological ethics focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions, regardless of the consequences. In this scenario, the CHN is emphasizing the importance of respecting the family's autonomy and their decision-making authority regarding the ill family member. This aligns with deontological principles that prioritize individual autonomy and decision-making. Summary: A: Communitarianism emphasizes the common good of the community, not individual autonomy. C: Principlism includes principles like beneficence and non-maleficence, which are not directly applicable in this case. D: Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall happiness, which is not the primary concern in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Primary prevention. This activity is aimed at preventing drug abuse before it occurs by educating junior high-school students through role models. Primary prevention focuses on preventing the onset of a health issue, in this case, drug abuse. High-school role models provide positive influence and guidance to deter drug use. Secondary prevention involves early detection and intervention after the onset of a problem, while tertiary prevention aims to minimize the impact of an established health issue. Therefore, the activity described falls under primary prevention as it targets the prevention of drug abuse among junior high-school students before it becomes a problem.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Secondary prevention. The CHN is conducting TB screening and treatment for homeless clients who test positive, which falls under secondary prevention aimed at early detection and treatment to prevent the spread of TB. Primary prevention focuses on preventing the disease before it occurs, such as through education and vaccination. Tertiary prevention involves managing and treating the disease to prevent complications and further spread. Choice D is incorrect because the activities described only align with secondary prevention, not tertiary prevention.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The creation of the discipline of nursing by Florence Nightingale. Nightingale revolutionized healthcare by emphasizing hygiene, sanitation, and patient care standards during the Crimean War. This led to the professionalization of nursing and set the foundation for modern healthcare practices. B: The formation of sisterhoods by nuns who gave care, C: The establishment of the Sisters of Mercy in Dublin, and D: The formation of the Dames de la Charité by Saint Vincent de Paul, while important in the history of healthcare, did not have the same widespread impact or systematic change as Nightingale's work.