Which phrase is used to describe the volume of air inspired and expired with a normal breath?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tidal volume. Tidal volume refers to the volume of air inspired and expired during a normal breath. It represents the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during each respiratory cycle, which typically ranges from 500 to 700 milliliters in adults. Total lung capacity (A) is the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold, including residual volume. Forced vital capacity (B) is the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation, not related to a normal breath. Residual volume (D) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation and is not part of a normal breath cycle.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oat cell. Oat cell (small cell) lung cancer metastasizes quickly due to its aggressive nature, high growth rate, and early dissemination to distant sites. This type of cancer is known for its rapid spread to other organs, leading to poor prognosis. Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, and bronchial carcinoids have a slower metastatic rate compared to oat cell lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma tends to metastasize to the lymph nodes and other organs over time, while squamous cell typically spreads locally within the lung tissue. Bronchial carcinoids are slow-growing tumors with a lower propensity for rapid metastasis compared to oat cell lung cancer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Exchange across a membrane involves the movement of molecules or ions. Moisture (A) helps facilitate this movement by dissolving solutes. Transport proteins (B) are essential for facilitating the movement of specific molecules across the membrane. Pressure gradients (C) can drive the movement of substances across the membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as all these factors play a crucial role in facilitating exchange across a membrane. Moisture alone is not sufficient for exchange, transport proteins are necessary for specific molecule transport, and pressure gradients can aid in driving the movement of substances.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, all of the above. Cessation of smoking reduces the risk of stillbirth by improving fetal health. It also reduces the chances of cancer by decreasing exposure to carcinogens. Additionally, quitting smoking decreases the risk of coronary disease by improving heart health. Therefore, all the choices are correct as they highlight different positive outcomes of quitting smoking.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypoxia. Hypoxia refers to inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues, leading to tissue damage. Asphyxia is a condition of suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply. Pleurisy is inflammation of the lining of the lungs, not directly related to oxygen supply. Anoxia is a severe form of hypoxia where there is complete deprivation of oxygen to the tissues. In this context, hypoxia best describes the condition of inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues.