ATI RN
Psychobiological Disorder Questions
Question 1 of 5
Which person would be most likely to experience sleep fragmentation?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A - An obese adult. Obesity is a risk factor for sleep fragmentation due to conditions like sleep apnea. Excess weight can lead to airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in interrupted breathing and disrupted sleep patterns. Toddlers attending day care (choice B) may experience disruptions but not necessarily as consistently as obese adults. Mild osteoarthritis (choice C) may cause discomfort but is not directly linked to sleep fragmentation. An adolescent with anorexia nervosa (choice D) may have sleep disturbances, but obesity poses a higher risk for sleep fragmentation.
Question 2 of 5
A 76-year-old man tells the nurse at the sleep disorder clinic, I awaken almost nightly in the midst of violent dreams in which I am defending myself against multiple attackers. Then I realize I have been hitting and kicking my wife. She has bruises. Which health problem is most likely?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. This disorder is characterized by vivid, violent dreams during REM sleep leading to physical movements or behaviors, such as hitting or kicking. In this case, the man's description of defending himself against attackers and then realizing he has been hitting his wife aligns with the symptoms of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. This disorder typically occurs in older adults and can result in harm to the individual or their sleep partner. - A: Sleep paralysis involves the inability to move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking up, not violent behaviors. - B: Night terror disorder involves sudden awakenings with intense fear or terror, not typically involving physical harm to others. - C: Sleep-related bruxism is the grinding or clenching of teeth during sleep, not associated with violent dreams or behaviors.
Question 3 of 5
A patient experiencing primary insomnia asks the nurse, I take a nap during the day. Doesn't that make up for a lost night's sleep? Select the nurse's best reply.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A Rationale: 1. Circadian drives refer to the body's internal clock regulating sleep-wake cycles. 2. Daytime naps disrupt this cycle, affecting the quality of nighttime sleep. 3. Nighttime sleep is essential for complete restorative functions like deep sleep stages. 4. Daytime naps may not provide the same physiological benefits as nighttime sleep. 5. Thus, the nurse's response highlights the structural differences between daytime naps and nighttime sleep, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing nighttime sleep for optimal rest and restoration. Summary: - Option B: While the body clock operates on a 24-hour cycle, it doesn't address the structural differences in sleep quality between daytime naps and nighttime sleep. - Option C: Habit and expectation are factors, but the physiological differences between daytime naps and nighttime sleep are more crucial. - Option D: While melatonin aids sleep, the focus here is on the structural differences between daytime naps and nighttime sleep.
Question 4 of 5
Which neurotransmitters are most responsible for wakefulness? (Select all that apply.)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Norepinephrine. Norepinephrine plays a crucial role in regulating wakefulness by promoting alertness and arousal. It is released in response to stress or excitement, helping to keep the brain awake and focused. GABA (A) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that promotes relaxation and sleep. Acetylcholine (C) is involved in various cognitive functions but not specifically wakefulness. Dopamine (D) is more associated with motivation and reward processing rather than wakefulness. In summary, norepinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for wakefulness due to its role in promoting alertness and arousal.
Question 5 of 5
A 15-year-old ran away from home six times and was arrested for shoplifting. The parents told the Court, 'We can't manage our teenager.' The adolescent is physically abusive to the mother and defiant with the father. Which diagnosis is supported by this adolescent's behavior?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Conduct Disorder (CD). The given scenario describes a pattern of persistent behavior that violates the rights of others and societal norms, such as running away, shoplifting, and being physically abusive. CD is characterized by aggression, rule-breaking, and disregard for others' feelings and rights. This diagnosis aligns with the adolescent's behavior of being defiant and physically abusive towards the parents. ADHD (A) primarily involves symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which are not the primary features displayed in this case. PTSD (B) results from exposure to traumatic events, which are not explicitly mentioned in the scenario. Intermittent Explosive Disorder (C) involves recurrent behavioral outbursts, often involving aggression, that are out of proportion to the situation, which does not fully capture the range of behaviors exhibited by the adolescent in this case.